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Convoys
Introduction Convoy Organization and
Planning Non Tactical convoys must
adhere to all state and consider federal regulations:
Weights Ammunition / Weapons
Security. Hazardous Materials POL’s
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Overweight / Wide Loads. Begin Planning - Use the
acronym METT / TSL. Mission - gives the desired
convoy objectives or results. Enemy: - Enemy poses no threat -
Security takes a low priority. - Enemy poses a threat-
Available security forces and Fire support take high priority.
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Terrain - must be considered when choosing the route.
Troops / Fire support - security forces availability.
Time - make use of all time available.
Space - relates to the distance the convoy will cover.
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Logistics - two basic types used for convoys:
- Tactical Convoy - Assumes that enemy contact is possible.
- Administrative Convoy - Enemy contact is unlikely.
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Orient all subordinate leaders using the five paragraph order.
Situation: - Friendly Forces. - Support Units. - Enemy Situations. Mission: - Type of Cargo. - Origin. - Destination.
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Execution: - General organization of
convoy. - Time schedule. - Routes. - Convoy speed. - Vehicle distance / Speed. - Checkpoints. - Accidents / breakdown. - Separation from convoy.
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- Action of the convoy / security forces in the event of attack.
Admin and Logistics. - Cargo loading and
unloading. - Control of personnel. NOTE: PROCEDURES AND
PRIORITIES OF HANDLING DETAINEES, WOUNDED AND A PLAN FOR MEDIVAC.
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- Cargo security. - Uniform and Equipment. - Billeting Arrangements. - Refueling and servicing
vehicles. - Vehicle recovery. - Off load instructions. Command and Signal. - Location or position of
leaders and key personnel.
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- Succession of command. - Action of security forces
commander. - Arm and hand signals. - Radio frequencies and call
signs for all key personnel. Safety: - Hazards of route. - Defensive driving - Weapons safety / security.
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Convoy Commanders Primary responsibilities.
Issues Orders. - Creates convoy and
operations orders. - Assigns appropriate
subordinate leaders. Tactical Vehicle Loading. - Must provide space for
security forces and vehicle reinforcements.
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- Provision will sacrifice cargo space and affect load calculations.
- Requires spread loading of critical cargo.
- Request escort vehicles if available.
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Administrative vehicle Loading.
- Requires Convoy Commander to use logistical skills.
- Utilize all cargo capacity. Convoy staging. - Top off fuel. - Pre stage vehicles in a
guarded area prior to departure
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- Place in desired order of march (dispersed accordingly).
- Camouflaged while in assembly area.
NOTE: IF A SECURITY FORCE COMMANDER HAS BEEN ASSIGNED, THEY SHOULD BE DEVELOPING PLANS ACCORDINGLY. CONVOY COMMANDER CAN ASK RECOMMENDATIONS ON PLACEMENT OF SECURITY AND ESCORT VEHICLES PRIOR TO
VEHICLE STAGING.
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Conduct briefing. - Convoy commander must
continuously brief subordinates.
- Keep subordinates updated on the enemy and immediate logistical situations
NOTE: THIS INCLUDES BRIEFING THE DRIVERS ON IMMEDIATE ACTIONS IN RESPONSE TO ENEMY ACTIONS
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Route Reconnaissance. If possible - Convoy
commander should conduct a physical reconnaissance of the route(s) prior to departure.
- Best method - Fly the route.
- Next Best - Drive the route. - At a minimum a thorough
map recon should be done.
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Check S-2 for updates on recent enemy sightings.
If a physical reconnaissance can be done:
- Convoy Commanders primary personnel will accompany.
- Ensures a good decision on timing, speed, and order of march.
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- Alternate routes must be identified.
- Danger areas and roadblocks should be recorded as well.
Tactical Vehicle Preparation. Vehicles are designed and
configured around logistical considerations.
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Vehicles must be modified and or reinforced to weather enemy action.
Alter existing equipment; remove or secure the following:
- Canvas and bows. - Straps across the rear. - Lower or remove
windshield.
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- All reflecting surfaces should be taped or removed.
- Tape over headlights. Harden vehicles against the
effects of the enemy using sandbags.
NOTE: SANDBAGS PROVIDE PERSONNEL PROTECTION ONLY.
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- Driver compartment: Floor and seat with double interlocked layers.
NOTE: DRIVERS COMFORT AND ABILITY TO CONTROL VEHICLE MUST BE CONSIDERED.
- Hood, and fender wells to protect personnel from the effects of mines.
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NOTE: BLAST AND FRAGMENTATION VECTORED UPWARDS CAN EASILY PENETRATE THIN METAL AT THOSE POINTS.
- External fuel tanks and batteries: Cover to contain flames and spraying acid.
- Truck bed; Double interlocking layers.
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NOTE: SANDBAGS CAN CAUSE FRAGMENTATION THROUGH SANDBLAST. THIS CAN BE PREVENTED BY COVERING BAGS WITH RUBBER MATTING OR ANY OTHER STURDY EQUIVALENT.
- Sides of truck bed; Stack to provide lateral protection.
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Mounted Security Force. Squad Leader / Vehicle
Commander. - Position where best control
of the vehicle / troops can be obtained.
- Preferred location; Immediately to rear of cab in truck bed.
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Assistant Driver, in ambush or other enemy action.
- Will remain in vehicles vicinity.
- Assists the driver in providing vehicle security.
Sentries - Armed with M203 or
Service rifle on automatic. - Stationed at each corner of
vehicle.
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- Collective role; Provide a 360 degree arc of observation.
- Return suppression fire immediately, in case of enemy contact.
Air / Sniper Sentinel. - Close to vehicle
commander. - Scans sky and high ground - Provides warning of sniper
or air attack.
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Attached machine gunner. - Augment to security force. - On board vehicle; gunner
positioned in the center of bed, facing the rear.
- Position allows gunner to fire to the rear.
- Provides good lateral protection and quick exit.
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Remaining Squad Members - Face outboard. - Split between port and
starboard sides of vehicle. - Assist in observation. - Return fire when directed. Additional areas Convoy and
Security Commanders must consider.
Communications
Convoys - Rarely will every vehicle
have a radio. - If a security force is
designated, a radio goes with the force.
- Various type nets should be requested for fire support assets available.
- Obtain information that will cover all units whose zones the convoy will move through.
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Fire support. - Rear area will be covered
by a target list. - If not; Submit a list to FSC
of targets that address enemy locations or possible ambush sites.
- Contact FSC if moving out of unit’s area, to process and coordinate fire support request.
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Ambush Instructions: Before ambush. - Be alert for changes in
familiar scenes along route. - Expect ambush upon
demolition of mines, automatic weapons fire, and heavy sniper fire.
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During ambush. - Notify security force by
radio call using pre-arranged signals.
- Continue moving, maintain vehicle distance if possible.
- If disabled steer off the road to allow passage of other vehicles.
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- If disabled while moving through kill zone, mount a passing vehicle.
- Don’t enter a kill zone if it can be avoided.
- Provide flanking support fire into kill zone.
- Security vehicles; Apply maximum base of fire, FIGHT AS A TEAM, and deploy upon command.
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- Prime targets: Enemy automatic weapons, mortars, rocket positions and assaulting ground forces.
After ambush. - Protect and care for
wounded, MEDEVAC, ASAP. - After contact has been
broken, reopen roadway insuring it is free of mines.
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- Do not attempt to remove mines, mark mines and contact EOD.
- Provide flank security while convoy passes through area.
- When contact is broken, do not give chase.
- Stay alert for counter attack.
- Remember details.
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Convoy Defense Techniques. Snipers. - Do not stop, if anything
speed up. - If wind conditions allow,
throw smoke to screen enemy observation.
- Sentries can return fire in general direction to suppress sniper.
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- Escort vehicle or FO’s can bring suppressive fires.
- Convoy Commander should immediately inform higher headquarters.
Air attack: - Shoot at attacking aircraft
using all available weapons. - Put up large volumes of
fire, accuracy is not important, volume!
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- Fire at nose of aircraft. - Take cover if you have
time. - Lie on your back if caught
in the open. - Mounted crew serve
weapons should aim slightly above the aircraft’s nose for head on targets.
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Ambush (Road not blocked, Hasty Ambush)
- Vehicle caught in the kill zone, continue to move until clear, find cover and concealment, stop and dismount.
- Vehicle which has not entered the kill zone, find cover and concealment, stop short and dismount.
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- Vehicles caught in kill zone that become disabled, conduct a vehicle unloading drill.
NOTE: DEPENDING ON SITUATION DISMOUNTED TROOP PROVIDE SUPPRESSIVE FIRE ON ENEMY OR ASSAULT THROUGH ENEMY POSITIONS.
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- Escort vehicles, find positions to return suppressive fire, this will support maneuver of security forces.
- Security forces maneuver and assault based on rehearsals or frag orders.
- Indirect fire and / or air strikes are called in on fleeing or fighting enemy.
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Ambush (Road blocked, deliberate ambush)
- Vehicle which has not entered kill zone, find cover and concealment, stop short and dismount.
- Vehicle trapped or blocked in kill zone, after conducting vehicle unloading drill, assault or return fire as a base of fire.
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- Escort vehicles find positions to return suppressive fire, this will support maneuver of Security forces.
- Security forces maneuver and assault from outside kill zone based on rehearsals or frag order.
- Indirect fire and / or air strikes are called in on fleeing or fighting enemy.
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Rehearse Actions at Danger Areas.
- Stress simplicity, aggressiveness, and rapid execution.
- Use small unit tactics, battle drills, and patrolling techniques.
- Counter ambush techniques when needed.
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Direct Combat Loading of Equipment and Personnel.
- Objective Area: Equipment needed to accomplish mission.
- En route: Equipment which enables or assists in reaching its objective.
- Routine: Equipment carried by all members.
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- Control: Equipment used in assisting the Convoy or Security Commander controlling the convoy while moving and during actions at objective areas.
- Water and food specified by Convoy or Security Commander.
Vehicle Hardening
Vehicle Hardening
Vehicle Hardening
Security Vehicle
R-1
SL
R-1
R-2
R-1
40
CR-2
Security Vehicle
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