Consequences of Responding: Punishment The Vocabulary of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Punishment

The Vocabulary of PunishmentComparing Reinforcement and PunishmentThe Relativity of PunishmentSide Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers

Timeout as PunishmentThe Ethics of Punishment

Addendum 7A: Punishment as Primary, Not Derivative

Consequences of Responding: Punishment

The Vocabulary of PunishmentComparing Reinforcement and PunishmentThe Relativity of PunishmentSide Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers

Timeout as PunishmentThe Ethics of Punishment

Just as we reinforce responses, not organisms, we also punish responses, not organisms

Our usage is no longer tied to the idea that punishment is about retribution

Punishment has ethical implications, but if it happens we must understand how it works

Consequences of Responding: Punishment

The Vocabulary of PunishmentComparing Reinforcement and PunishmentThe Relativity of PunishmentSide Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers

Timeout as PunishmentThe Ethics of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Punishment

The Vocabulary of PunishmentComparing Reinforcement and PunishmentThe Relativity of PunishmentSide Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers

Timeout as PunishmentThe Ethics of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Punishment

The Vocabulary of PunishmentComparing Reinforcement and PunishmentThe Relativity of PunishmentSide Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers

Timeout as PunishmentThe Ethics of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Punishment

The Vocabulary of PunishmentComparing Reinforcement and PunishmentThe Relativity of PunishmentSide Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers

Timeout as PunishmentThe Ethics of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Punishment

The Vocabulary of PunishmentComparing Reinforcement and PunishmentThe Relativity of PunishmentSide Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers

Timeout as PunishmentThe Ethics of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Punishment

The Vocabulary of PunishmentComparing Reinforcement and PunishmentThe Relativity of PunishmentSide Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers

Timeout as PunishmentThe Ethics of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Punishment

The Vocabulary of PunishmentComparing Reinforcement and PunishmentThe Relativity of PunishmentSide Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers

Timeout as PunishmentThe Ethics of Punishment

Teaching Reinforcement versus Teaching Punishment

• The effects of punishers show up more immediately than those of reinforcers, so punishment is usually easier to teach.

• That is probably why punishers are so pervasive in human cultures.

• But you cannot shape with it; it reduces rather than enhances variations.

Consequences of Responding: Punishment

The Vocabulary of PunishmentComparing Reinforcement and PunishmentThe Relativity of PunishmentSide Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers

Timeout as PunishmentThe Ethics of Punishment

Addendum 7A: Punishment as Primary, Not Derivative

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance

Escape Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative

Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies

Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement

The Language of Aversive Control

Addendum 8A: Species‑Specific Defense Reactions

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance

Escape Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative

Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies

Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement

The Language of Aversive Control

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance

Escape Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative

Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies

Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement

The Language of Aversive Control

Procedural criteria for distinguishingbetween positive and negative reinforcement

Responding increases

Responding decreases

Response produces a stimulus

Positive Reinforcement

Positive Punishment

Response removes or prevents a stimulus

Negative Reinforcement

Negative Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance

Escape Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative

Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies

Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement

The Language of Aversive Control

Positive versus Negative

• We could appeal to physics, but we would still have to deal with the ambiguities

• Instead, we can appeal to a behavioral criterion

• We will always speak of reinforcement when responding goes up and of punishment when it goes down

• But if the contingencies create behavior that competes with the responding to be reinforced (e.g., shivering that competes with heat-producing lever pressing during cold), then that is a better reason to distinguish between this procedure and one that does not produce such competition (e.g., food-reinforced lever pressing)

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance

Escape Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative

Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies

Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement

The Language of Aversive Control

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance

Escape Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative

Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies

Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement

The Language of Aversive Control

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance

Escape Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative

Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies

Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement

The Language of Aversive Control

• One kind of avoidance procedure delays the aversive event (as when a coin in a parking meter sets back the time when you are at risk to be ticketed)

• A second kind prevents the aversive event (as when getting an immunization shot prevents you from contracting a disease)

• When avoidance is successful, nothing happens

• Though avoidance is easy to maintain once it gets started, it is hard to get it started

• That is probably why it is difficult to teach preventive measures such as adhering to medical procedures or using seat belts

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance

Escape Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative

Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies

Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement

The Language of Aversive Control

• Getting rid of the aversive stimulus is essentially getting rid of the establishing operation that makes its absence a reinforcer

• The proper extinction procedure, though rarely studied, is to continue to present the aversive stimulus, but to stop allowing the response to prevent or delay it

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance

Escape Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative

Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies

Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement

The Language of Aversive Control

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance

Escape Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative

Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies

Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement

The Language of Aversive Control

Addendum 8A: Species‑Specific Defense Reactions

Consequences of Responding: Punishment

The Vocabulary of PunishmentComparing Reinforcement and PunishmentThe Relativity of PunishmentSide Effects of Punishment

Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers

Timeout as PunishmentThe Ethics of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance

Escape Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies

Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement

The Language of Aversive Control