Conceptual/Theoretical Frameworks Operational Frameworks

Please open the packet to the first page only.

That means do not go past the article by Russell L. Ackoff.

Conceptual/Theoretical Frameworks

Operational Frameworks

Jack Elliot

Interim Assistant Dean

Office of Academic Programs

College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

Professor Agricultural Education

The University of Arizona

An operational

Delineate among:• Theoretical Frameworks

• Conceptual Frameworks

• Operational Frameworks

Frameworks• Limit scope of inquiry

• Convey research importance to audiences

Qualitative• Learn from the participants

• Framework locations•Orientation – chapter 1

•Theory – chapter 2

•Compare – chapter 5

Quantitative Framework Essentials

•Visually tells your story (research) – the big picture

•Identifies literature review categories

•Directs your objectives

Common Framework Components

• Dependent variable/primary characteristic

• Variables of influence or characteristics of influence

• Intervening, Moderating and Control variables or characteristics

Relationship Among Five Types of Relationship Among Five Types of VariablesVariables

Variables ofInfluence

ModeratorVariables

InterveningVariables

DependentVariables

ControlVariables

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

This slide is courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University

Framework Components

•Relationships (anticipated and predicted [including direction] from the review of literature) among and between variables and/or characteristics

Framework Essentials

•Establishes your anticipated analyses (operational framework)

•Manages your research design•Directs your instrument

development

Framework

A framework is a model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among several factors that have been identified as important to the problem. (Sekaran, 2001)

This slide is courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University

Quantitative Framework Locations• Theoretical/Conceptual - end of

Chapter 2•A synthesis section explains the

relationships and the categories•A transition section leads to. . .

• Operational Framework•Beginning of Chapter 3•Tied to procedures/methodologies

Conceptual Framework Operational Framework

operational

1

2

3 4

Conceptual Framework

Factors:

Social Capital Financial Capital Human Capital Natural Capital

Group Formation

Farmer associations form because farmers need greater market clout and need lobbying power for government service (FAO, 1998)

Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (FAO, Dilts, Bartlet & Pontius, 2001)

The next 4 slides are courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna & Cliff Bonzo, The Pennsylvania State University

Research Questions

1. What is the demographic profile of the participants?

2. What are the group formation factors in the development of IPM farmers’ associations?

3. To what extent does knowledge acquisition impact group formation?

4. What demographic characteristics are related to group formation?

Demographics:

Ethnicity Gender Education Land Holding

(Esman & Uphoff, 1984)

Group Formation

(Shaw, 1981; Tuckman & Jenson, 1977)

RQ 1RQ 4

Factors: Social Capital Financial Capital Human Capital Natural Capital (Bartlett, 2002; Scoones,

1998)

Knowledge Acquisition (Mathias, 1996)

RQ = Research Questions 1—4

RQ 2

RQ 3

Independent variables Dependent Variable

Operational Framework

Independent variables Dependent Variables

Demographics:

Ethnicity Gender Education Land Holdings (Esman & Uphoff, 1984)

Group Formation (Reasons to Join) [Land Rights]

Shaw, 1981; Tuckman & Jenson, 1977)

RQ 1 RQ 4

RQ 3

Factors:

Social Capital (r = 0.242) Financial Capital Human Capital (r = 0.278) Physical Capital Natural Capital (Bartlett, 2001; Scoones, 1998) [Knowledge Acquisition] (Mathias, 1996)

RQ = Research Questions 1—4

RQ 2

Relationships

Theoretical Framework

Research Framework or Agenda

Conceptual Framework

The program They are notdoes not meet included in

their needs the planning

Their values clash with that of program planners

Their level of innovativeness

is low

FROM NON-PARTICIPATION TO ENGAGEMENT

When people do not participate in programs, their perspectives are lost and do not inform the program - nor do they benefit from programs.

People do not participate because…

Based on…

Argued by…

Remedied through…

Resulting in…

Epistemology: Methodology:1. “Needs” contextualized to include values and interests Functional perspectives better

define2. Values and interests are made explicit people’s orientation to the

program

Points of divergence and convergence in people’s functional perspectives areidentified, resulting in the identification of:

Points of leverage to increase people’s participation in programs

Needs are “Participation”identifiable and means authentic

if met, inclusion in allpeople show up planning levels

Needs Assessment:Functionalists Empowerment

*Borich *Arnstein*Scissons *Freire

Congruent values lead to

participation

ResistanceTheory:*Quigley*Boshier

They respondto internal or

external forces

Personal and socialforces existand exertinfluence

Chain-of-ResponseTheory:*Cross

People possessa level ofadoptive readiness

Adoption andDiffusionTheory:*Rogers

Problem

Explanations

Assumptions

Theories &Theorists

“Solutions”

Result

Texas Tech

Conceptual Framework

Example of _____________ FrameworkExample of _____________ Framework

Location

Race

Attitude toward school

SmokingStatus of Youth

(smoker vs.non-smoker)

After HS plans

GPA

Type ofTobacco

The next 3 slides are courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University

Conceptual

Example of ____________ FrameworkExample of ____________ Framework

Sex-role stereotyping

Advancementof women to

the top

Access to information

(Sekaran, 2001)

Operational

Example of ______________ FrameworkExample of ______________ Framework

Hygiene factors(Job dissatisfaction)

Job satisfactionof faculty

Motivator factors(Job satisfaction)

Other variables

(Bowen and Radhakrishna study)

Operational

An operational

Framework CreationFramework Creation

IV

CV

MV

Interveningvariables

DV

Title

This slide is courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University

< 12 words; no articles & prepositions; debate each word

Thank You