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Cognitive \ Behavioural
Core Terminology
Cognitive EventThoughts and images that occur seemingly of their own volition in our stream of consciousness
Cognitive ProcessesThe process we use to appraise and transform
external stimuli
Cognitive Structures
Beliefs, values and attitudes concerning ideas, people and personal experiences
Inner speech
Self talk, covert self instruction or inner dialogue
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Three Focal Areas of Cognitive Behavioural Approach
Cognitive Structures
Inner Speech or Inner Dialogue
Behaviour
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Three Major Theories
Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Cognitive Behavioural Modification
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Albert Ellis – Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
Ellis
“It is not the events in our lives that directly influence our feelings and our behaviour, it is what we believe about these events that directly influences our feelings and subsequent behaviour”
Cognitive \ Behavioural
The ABC’s
A Activating event
B Belief
C Consequence Affect
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Activating EventsEvents in our lives that draw our attention or
involvementBeliefs
How we understand the activating events
Rational Beliefs
Ideas based on logic and factual information
Irrational Beliefs
Ideas that are illogical (defy reason) or untrue (not supported by evidence)
Cognitive \ Behavioural---------------
What you think(B) How you feel (C) What you do
Friend is "She might have Worried or Call hospital ERslate for been hurt on the anxious to find out if she'sdinner way here." there
"She didn't bother Annoyed Chew her out, or to let me know she or angry act chilly, when was delayed." she does show up "It doesn't matter Indifferent Nothing in to me whether particular people are on time." "I needed the time Relieved Relax and enjoy to fix the house up yourself anyway."Dr. John Winston Bush - Cognitive-Behavior Therapy:New York Institute for Cognitive & Behavioral Therapies - www.cognitive-behavior-therapy.org
A
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Learning Beliefs
We learn our beliefs about ideas and concepts through modeling, operant conditioning and conceptual development
Levels of Belief
1. The objective object, idea or event
2. Language that represents the object idea or event3. The concept that allows classification, differentiation and generalization
4. The value, feeling or judgment of quality of the object,event or idea
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Source of Irrational Belief
1. Problem in assigning language
2. Problem in classification, generalization or discrimination
3. Problem in judgment
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Process of Unlearning Beliefs: Cognitive Restructuring
Steps1. Client recognizes emotional and or behavioural signals that
something is wrong
2. Client identifies events (A) associated with signals
3. Client identifies beliefs (B) that mediate between A & C
4. Client attempts to dispute the beliefs
5. Client generates rational beliefs
6. Client develops plan to internalize rational beliefs
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Identifying Rational Thoughts - AFROG
1. Does this thinking keep me Alive?
2. Does this thinking make me Feel better?
3. Is this thinking based on Reality?
4. Does this thinking help me get along with
Others?
5. Does this thinking help me reach my Goals
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Advantages of Cognitive Restructuring Over B Mod
If the child’s behaviour is motivate by a strong belief modifying the behaviour will be difficult without addressing the belief
Client often has more control over their beliefs than they do over external events such as antecedents and consequences
If beliefs change there is a greater change of generalization
You are teaching the client a skill as well as changing the behaviour. A skill that can be applied to other situations
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy - Summary
Basic Premise
Man’s problems are based on behaviours which are directed by irrational cognitive structures which produce false beliefs about life events and ideas
Treatment Approach
Cognitive Restructuring
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Behavioural Change with REBT
Altered Cognitive Structures
Changes Internal Dialogue
Changes Behaviour
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Aaron Beck – Cognitive Behavioural TherapyMaladaptive behaviours are a result of the
client’s particular thinking process
Faulty Thinking StylesArbitrary Inference – drawing conclusions without evidence
Magnification – exaggeration of the meaning of an event
Cognitive Deficiency – disregard for an important aspect of a life situation
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Faulty Thinking Styles – cont.
Dichotomous Reasoning – oversimplification and rigid perception of an event
Overgeneralization – single instance generalized to universal significance
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Steps in Behavioural Change
1. Client recognizes and monitors his cognitions and the relationship between these cognitions and behaviour
2. Client realizes that his interpretations of daily experience is unrealistic. Use of instance identification
3. Client generates alternative cognitions based on
appropriate thinking
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Behavioural Change with Cognitive Behavioural
Altered Thinking Processes
Changes Internal Dialogue
Changes Behaviour
Cognitive \ Behavioural
D. Meichenbaum – Cognitive Behaviour ModificationSelf statements or client’s self verbalizations affect a
person’s behaviour much the same as statements made by another person. For change to occur clients need to interrupt the scripted nature of their behaviour
Phases of Behaviour Change
Phase 1 – self observation
Phase 2 – Initiating new dialogue
Phase 3 – Learning new skills
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Self Observation
Recognition of maladaptive behaviour
Initiation of New DialogueRecognition of maladaptive behaviour must
come to elicit inner speech that is different in content from that engaged in prior to change
Learning Skills
The altered speech must trigger coping behaviours
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Cognitive Behavioural Modification
Cognitive Structure
The organizational aspect of thinking that seems to monitor and direct the strategy route and choice of thoughts
The source of the scripts from which all dialogue is borrowed
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Steps in Self instruction
Cognitive Modeling
An external individual performs the task while talking to themselves out loud
Overt External Guidance
Client performs same task under supervision
Overt Self Guidance
Client performs the task while instructing themselves out loud
Faded overt Self Guidance
Client performs the task while whispering the instructions to themselvesCovert Self Instruction
Client performs the task while guiding their performance with inner speech
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Value of Self Instruction
1. Increased distinctiveness of stimulus attribution2. Direct client’s attention to relevant dimensions of the situation
3. Assist in formulation of hypothesis
4. Structured way to maintain information in short term memory
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Other Cognitive Techniques
Verbal Mediation
Problem Solving
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Verbal Mediation
Overt or covert attempts to mediate between the antecedent situation and potentially maladaptive behaviour
Mediating Questions
What was I planning to do?
Why shouldn’t I do it?
What should I be doing instead?
Why should I do that?
Cognitive \ Behavioural
Problem Solving Skills
A behavioural process which makes available a variety of potentially effective response alternatives for dealing with the problematic situation and increases the probability of selecting the most effective response from among these alternatives
Recognize a problem
Define the problem and goal
Generate alternative solutions
Evaluate the solutions
Design a plan
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