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CO2 Enhanced Oil Recoveryand Storage in Reservoirs
CHE384-Energy Technology and Policy
Xi Chen
Nov. 19th, 2007
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EOR-Background Primary recovery
Natural pressure, 10% OOIP
Secondary recovery
Injection of water or gas, 20-40% OOIP
Tertiary or enhanced oil recovery
Aiming at recovery of 30%-60% OOIP
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Categories of EOR Thermal recovery
Steam flooding, ~50% of EOR production
Chemical injection
Polymer/water flooding,
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EOR by CO2 flooding
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Advantages of CO2 flooding Dense fluid over much of the range of
pressure and temperature in reservoirs Low MMP (minimum miscibility pressure) and
high miscibility with oil Low mutual solubility with water Low cost and abundance
Naturally occuring source
Environmental benefit if industrial CO2 isused and stored in reservoirs Capture and sequestration of CO2 from
combustion of fossil fuel
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Source: Oil & Gas Journal
206,000 barrels per day in 2004 = 4% of the Nations total.
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Screening criteria for application
of CO2 miscible flood
Gozalpour, CO2 EOR and Storage in Oil Reservoirs, 2005,
Oil & Gas Science and Technology Rev. IFP,
Vol. 60 (2005), No. 3, pp. 537-546
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Optimum reservoir parameters and weighting factorsfor ranking oil reservoirs suitable for CO2 EOR
Rivas, O. et al. (1992) Ranking Reservoirs for Carbon DioxideFlooding Processes.
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Technical challenge Poor sweep efficiency
Gravity override
Mobility contrast Reservoir heterogeneity
CO2 related problem
Corrosion on facilities
Solid deposition in reservoir formation
Well spacing
Greater spacing causes sweep efficiency reduction
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CO2 mobility control Foam
mixed surfactants as foaming agent
Thickening agent
Fluorinated compound or polymer (goodsolubility in CO2)
Chemical gels In-situ gelation of polymer to lower
permeability
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Most favorable site for storage
Dense webs of seismic and well for long-
term trap Surface and subsurface infrastructure
readily converted for CO2 distribution and
injection Less costly
CO2 Storage in Reservoirs
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CO2 Storage in Reservoirs CO2 capacity of a reservoir:
Theoretically, equal to the volume
previously occupied by the produced oiland water
Other factor: Water invasion, gravitysegregation, reservoir heterogeneity and
CO2 dissolution Reservoir type, depth, size and safety of
CO2 storage
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Economics Cost of CO2 from different sources:
Naturally occuring CO2: $14/t
Pure anthropogenic CO2 from chemical plant: $18/t
Capture and processing of CO2 from coal fired plant: $18-54/t
CO2 utilization efficiency: 4~8 Mscf/bbl(0.2~0.5t/bbl)
Transportation cost: $0.5~1.2/Mscf
Operation cost: $2-3/bbl
Economical even at a oil price of $40/bbl.
CO2 storage credit ($2.5/Mscf) makes it more
economical for producers.
Lako, P. (2002) Options for CO2 Sequestration and Enhanced
Fuel Supply.
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Summary Combination of CO2 EOR and storage in
reservoirs provides a bridge between
reducing greenhouse gases from industrialwaste streams and the beneficial use of CO2injection for increasing oil and gas recovery.
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