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N° tot. pag. = 49
- Mod. PRO/018/MI Rev 7 -
Rev. 1.0
N°doc.: RT/2016/104
Config.: IDSAU/LORD HOWE EMC-PRCS-OUT-RT
TECHNICAL REPORT
C/N/S (Communications Navigation Surveillance) detailed impact
analysis of two wind turbines near Lord Howe Island Airport
Roma, 19/07/2016
Annexes nr 0
IDS Ingegneria Dei Sistemi S.p.A. Rev. 1.0
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C/N/S (Communications Navigation Surveillance) detailed impact analysis of two wind turbines
near Lord Howe Island Airport
2/49
The information contained in this document should be used only
for the scope of the contract for which this document is prepared.
KEYWORDS: AIRPORT, NAVAIDS, DME, ADS-B, VHF, COMMUNICATIONS
NAVIGATION SURVEILLANCE, WIND TURBINE
SUMMARY: This technical report concerns the detailed analysis of the following
C/N/S systems:
DME
ADS-B
VHF
that are installed at the Lord Howe Island Airport (ICAO code
YLHI). The goal of this EMC study is to evaluate the impact of the two
wind turbines that are near LHI airport.
The EM simulation campaign has the scope to evaluate if the presence
of the new wind turbines may affect line of sight, coverage and
precision (distance measuring error for DME for example) of the
equipment listed below:
DME facility
o Optical visibility
o Radio coverage
o Slant range error
ADS-B facility
o Optical visibility
o Radio coverage
VHF facility
o Optical visibility
o Radio coverage
This EMC study has been conducted in accordance with the regulations
provided in [ND1]
This technical report is the output document that closes Phase one of
the project described in [AD1] with reference to the contract [AD2] .
CONCLUSIONS Conclusions are reported in section 3 in extended form.
Document Evolution
Revision Date Reason of change
Rev. 1.0 19/07/2016 First Edition
Document Change Record (Log)
RNC Reference Modification Description
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3/49
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 7
1.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2 Application Field .................................................................................................................. 7
1.3 Reference ............................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.1 Applicable documents ............................................................................................................... 7
1.3.2 Regulations ................................................................................................................................ 7
1.4 Acronyms, Definitions and Templates ................................................................................ 7
1.4.1 Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. 7
1.4.2 Definition .................................................................................................................................. 8
2. Modelling Description ................................................................................................................. 9
2.1 CNS systems modelling ........................................................................................................ 9
2.2 Terrain model ..................................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Wind Turbines .................................................................................................................... 13
2.3.1 Wind Turbine description ........................................................................................................ 13
2.4 Site Model ........................................................................................................................... 15
2.5 DME system analysis ......................................................................................................... 17
2.5.1 DME Optical Visibility analysis ............................................................................................. 20
2.5.2 DME Coverage analysis .......................................................................................................... 21
2.5.3 Slant range error analysis ........................................................................................................ 26
2.6 ADS-B system analysis ....................................................................................................... 39
2.6.1 ADS-B Optical Visibility analysis .......................................................................................... 39
2.6.2 ADS-B Coverage analysis ....................................................................................................... 39
2.7 VHF system analysis .......................................................................................................... 44
2.7.1 VHF equipment Optical Visibility .......................................................................................... 44
2.7.2 VHF Coverage analysis ........................................................................................................... 44
3. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 49
FIGURES INDEX
FIG. 2.1 – LORD HOWE ISLAND AEROPHOTOGRAMMETRY ........................................................... 11
FIG. 2.2 – LORD HOWE ISLAND: DETAILS OF LHI AIRPORT ........................................................... 12
FIG. 2.3 – DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL OF LORD HOWE ISLAND (RESOLUTION OF 1 METERS)13
FIG. 2.4 – WIND TURBINE VERGNET DESIGN ..................................................................................... 14
FIG. 2.5 – SITE OBSTACLES ON DTM MAP .......................................................................................... 15
FIG. 2.6 – SITE MODEL WITH TWO WIND TURBINES ........................................................................ 16
FIG. 2.7 – DETAILS OF WIND TURBINES 3D MODEL ......................................................................... 17
FIG. 2.8 – CAD VIEW OF DME ARRIVAL PROCEDURES .................................................................... 18
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FIG. 2.9 – LHI DME ARRIVAL PROCEDURES ....................................................................................... 19
FIG. 2.10 – DME OPTICAL VISIBILITY WITH WIND TURBINES ....................................................... 20
FIG. 2.11 – DME ANTENNA PATTERN (AZIMUTH AND ELEVATION) ............................................ 21
FIG. 2.12 – DME RADIO COVERAGE AT 1580FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE). RED SHAPE REPRESENTS THE AREAS IN WHICH THE POWER DENSITY IS
HIGHER THAN THE REFERENCE VALUE OF -89 DBW/ M2 ..................................................... 22
FIG. 2.13 – DME RADIO COVERAGE AT 1680 FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE). RED SHAPE REPRESENTS THE AREAS IN WHICH THE POWER DENSITY IS
HIGHER THAN THE REFERENCE VALUE OF -89 DBW/ M2 ..................................................... 23
FIG. 2.14 – DME RADIO COVERAGE AT 1800 FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE). RED SHAPE REPRESENTS THE AREAS IN WHICH THE POWER DENSITY IS
HIGHER THAN THE REFERENCE VALUE OF -89 DBW/ M2 ..................................................... 23
FIG. 2.15 – DME RADIO COVERAGE AT 2440 FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE). RED SHAPE REPRESENTS THE AREAS IN WHICH THE POWER DENSITY IS
HIGHER THAN THE REFERENCE VALUE OF -89 DBW/ M2 ..................................................... 23
FIG. 2.16 – DME RADIO COVERAGE AT 3400 FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE). RED SHAPE REPRESENTS THE AREAS IN WHICH THE POWER DENSITY IS
HIGHER THAN THE REFERENCE VALUE OF -89 DBW/ M2 ..................................................... 24
FIG. 2.17 – DME RADIO COVERAGE AT 4100 FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE). RED SHAPE REPRESENTS THE AREAS IN WHICH THE POWER DENSITY IS
HIGHER THAN THE REFERENCE VALUE OF -89 DBW/ M2 ..................................................... 24
FIG. 2.18 – DME RADIO COVERAGE AT 5000 FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE). RED SHAPE REPRESENTS THE AREAS IN WHICH THE POWER DENSITY IS
HIGHER THAN THE REFERENCE VALUE OF -89 DBW/ M2 ..................................................... 24
FIG. 2.19 – DME RADIO COVERAGE AT 7500 FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE). RED SHAPE REPRESENTS THE AREAS IN WHICH THE POWER DENSITY IS
HIGHER THAN THE REFERENCE VALUE OF -89 DBW/ M2 ..................................................... 25
FIG. 2.20 – DME RADIO COVERAGE AT 10000 FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE). RED SHAPE REPRESENTS THE AREAS IN WHICH THE POWER DENSITY IS
HIGHER THAN THE REFERENCE VALUE OF -89 DBW/ M2 ..................................................... 25
FIG. 2.21 – DME RADIO COVERAGE AT 15000 FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE). RED SHAPE REPRESENTS THE AREAS IN WHICH THE POWER DENSITY IS
HIGHER THAN THE REFERENCE VALUE OF -89 DBW/ M2 ..................................................... 25
FIG. 2.22 – PROCEDURE SLANT RANGE ERROR: RADIAL 054- ABARB TO LHI ARRIVAL
PROCEDURE ..................................................................................................................................... 27
FIG. 2.23 – PROCEDURE SLANT RANGE ERROR: RADIAL 113- CHEWY TO LHI ARRIVAL
PROCEDURE ..................................................................................................................................... 28
FIG. 2.24 – PROCEDURE SLANT RANGE ERROR: SECTOR B - RADIAL 205 .................................. 29
FIG. 2.25 – PROCEDURE SLANT RANGE ERROR: SECTOR B - RADIAL 269 .................................. 30
FIG. 2.26 – PROCEDURE SLANT RANGE ERROR: SECTOR A - RADIAL 026 .................................. 31
FIG. 2.27 – PROCEDURE SLANT RANGE ERROR: SECTOR A - RADIAL 088 .................................. 32
FIG. 2.28 – RADIAL 113 (CHEWY TO LHI ARRIVAL PROCEDURE): COMPARISON BETWEEN
SLANT RANGE ERROR WITH (RED LINE) AND WITHOUT (BLACK LINE) WT
CONTRIBUTION ............................................................................................................................... 33
FIG. 2.29 – RADIAL 054 (ABARB TO LHI ARRIVAL PROCEDURE): COMPARISON BETWEEN
SLANT RANGE ERROR WITH (RED LINE) AND WITHOUT (BLACK LINE) WT
CONTRIBUTION ............................................................................................................................... 34
FIG. 2.30 – RADIAL 205 (SECTOR B): COMPARISON BETWEEN SLANT RANGE ERROR WITH
(RED LINE) AND WITHOUT (BLACK LINE) WT CONTRIBUTION .......................................... 35
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FIG. 2.31 – RADIAL 269 (SECTOR B): COMPARISON BETWEEN SLANT RANGE ERROR WITH
(RED LINE) AND WITHOUT (BLACK LINE) WT CONTRIBUTION .......................................... 36
FIG. 2.32 – RADIAL 026 (SECTOR A): COMPARISON BETWEEN SLANT RANGE ERROR WITH
(RED LINE) AND WITHOUT (BLACK LINE) WT CONTRIBUTION .......................................... 37
FIG. 2.33 – RADIAL 088 (SECTOR A): COMPARISON BETWEEN SLANT RANGE ERROR WITH
(RED LINE) AND WITHOUT (BLACK LINE) WT CONTRIBUTION .......................................... 38
FIG. 2.34 – ADS-B OPTICAL VISIBILITY WITH WIND TURBINES .................................................... 39
FIG. 2.35 – ADS-B RADIO COVERAGE AT 1580FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 40
FIG. 2.36 – ADS-B RADIO COVERAGE AT 1680FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 40
FIG. 2.37 – ADS-B RADIO COVERAGE AT 1800 FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT
WTS (LEFT SIDE) ............................................................................................................................. 40
FIG. 2.38 – ADS-B RADIO COVERAGE AT 2440FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 41
FIG. 2.39 – ADS-B RADIO COVERAGE AT 3400FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 41
FIG. 2.40 – ADS-B RADIO COVERAGE AT 4100FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 41
FIG. 2.41 – ADS-B RADIO COVERAGE AT 5000FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 42
FIG. 2.42 – ADS-B RADIO COVERAGE AT 7500FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 42
FIG. 2.43 – ADS-B RADIO COVERAGE AT 10000FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT
WTS (LEFT SIDE) ............................................................................................................................. 42
FIG. 2.44 – ADS-B RADIO COVERAGE AT 15000FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT
WTS (LEFT SIDE) ............................................................................................................................. 43
FIG. 2.45 – VHF OPTICAL VISIBILITY WITH WIND TURBINES ........................................................ 44
FIG. 2.46 – VHF RADIO COVERAGE AT 1580FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 45
FIG. 2.47 – VHF RADIO COVERAGE AT 1680FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 45
FIG. 2.48 – VHF RADIO COVERAGE AT 1800 FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 45
FIG. 2.49 – VHF RADIO COVERAGE AT 2440 FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 46
FIG. 2.50 – VHF RADIO COVERAGE AT 3400 FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 46
FIG. 2.51 – VHF RADIO COVERAGE AT 4100FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 46
FIG. 2.52 – VHF RADIO COVERAGE AT 5000FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 47
FIG. 2.53 – VHF RADIO COVERAGE AT 7500FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 47
FIG. 2.54 – VHF RADIO COVERAGE AT 10000FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 47
FIG. 2.55 – VHF RADIO COVERAGE AT 15000FT WITH WTS (RIGHT SIDE) AND WITHOUT WTS
(LEFT SIDE) ...................................................................................................................................... 48
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TABLES INDEX
TAB. 2.1 – DME SYSTEM AT LORD HOWE ISLAND AIRFIELD .......................................................... 9
TAB. 2.2 – ADS-B SYSTEM AT LORD HOWE ISLAND AIRFIELD ....................................................... 9
TAB. 2.3 – VHF SYSTEM AT LORD HOWE ISLAND AIRFIELD ......................................................... 10
TAB. 2.4 – RWY 10 THR AT LORD HOWE ISLAND AIRFIELD .......................................................... 10
TAB. 2.5 – RWY 28 THR AT LORD HOWE ISLAND AIRFIELD .......................................................... 10
TAB. 2.6 – ARP AT LORD HOWE ISLAND AIRFIELD .......................................................................... 10
TAB. 2.7 – ELEVATION AND POSITION OF THE TWO WT CLOSE TO LHI AIRPORT ................... 13
TAB. 2.8 – ALTITUDE VALUES FOR YLHI PUBLISHED FLIGHT PROCEDURES ........................... 22
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of the EMC study reported in this technical document is the detailed evaluation of
the impact of two (2) wind turbines in the surroundings of the Lord Howe Island Airport (ICAO
code YLHI). In particular, it is requested the evaluation of their multipath effects against the
following navaids: DME, ADS-B, VHF equipment that are installed at the Lord Howe Island
Airport, in Australia.
The activity has been performed by using simulation tools available in the IDS ElectroMagnetic
Airport Control and Survey (EMACS) software suite.
1.2 Application Field
The application field of this study is evaluate the impact of two (2) wind turbines in the
surroundings of the Lord Howe Island Airport (ICAO code YLHI) against the following navaids:
DME, ADS-B, VHF equipment.
1.3 Reference
The applicable versions of the following documents are the ones officially released at the time of
the emission of the present document.
1.3.1 Applicable documents
[AD1] IDS Technical proposal PT/2015/071 “Impact analysis of two wind turbines near
the LORD HOWE ISLAND AIRPORT”
[AD2] P.O. POW001076 from IDS Australasia dated 21st of March 2016
1.3.2 Regulations
[ND1] ICAO Annex 10 – Aeronautical Telecommunications Vol. I Radio Navigations
Aids.
1.4 Acronyms, Definitions and Templates
1.4.1 Acronyms
2D Two Dimensional
ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast
AGL Above Ground Level
AHD Australian Height Datum
AMSL Above Mean Sea Level
ARP Airport Reference Point
C/N/S Communications Navigation Surveillance
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CL Center Line
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DME Distance Measurement Equipment
DTM Digital terrain Model
EMACS ElectroMagnetic Airport Control and Survey
EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IDS Ingegneria Dei Sistemi
LHI Lord Howe Island
LOS Line Of Sight
NA Not Available
NM Nautical Miles
PO Physical Optics
RWY Runway
THR Threshold
VHF Very High Frequency
WT Wind Turbine
1.4.2 Definition
EMACS
ElectroMagnetic Airport Control and Survey is a set of validated
electromagnetic 3D modelling and simulation tools capable of
investigating ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) issues and
ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI) problems in airport and air
navigation site scenarios. The modelling functionality (including
terrain models, obstacles, interfering systems, ground and airborne
navaid equipment characteristics) allows an expert user to model the
real propagation phenomena taking place within a complex EM airport
scenario where signals from a variety of equipment (e.g. VOR, DME,
ILS, ATC Radar, GPS systems, etc.) interfere with artificial or natural
obstructions.
Elevation (altitude) AMSL distance measurement
FPDAM three-dimensional CAD tool (part of the AIRNAS ® system) that
provides an interactive environment for Aeronautical Flight
Procedures design, Air Space management and Air Navigation,
including the new GPS based concepts.
Height AGL distance measurement
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2. MODELLING DESCRIPTION
2.1 CNS systems modelling
This section details the target data regarding the C/N/S systems that have been modelled in this
EMC study, and the main aerodrome reference points.
In particular:
Tab. 2.1 reports the relevant data regarding the DME system
Tab. 2.2 reports the relevant data regarding the ADS-B system
Tab. 2.3 reports the relevant data regarding the VHF system
Tab. 2.4 reports the position of RWY 10 THR
Tab. 2.5 reports the position of RWY 28 THR
Tab. 2.6 reports the position of ARP
Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2 show an aerophotogrammetry of Lord Howe Island with the indication of
the positions of the C/N/S systems.
Latitude and Longitude (WGS84): 31° 31’ 44.3649” S, 159° 04’ 21.2957” E
Elevation (AHD71/ terrain surveyed at ground
level) [m]:
34.76
Equipment model: Indra LDB-102
Frequency [MHz]: 1148
Radiated Power [kW]: 1.2
Tab. 2.1 – DME system at Lord Howe Island airfield
Latitude and Longitude (WGS84): 31° 31’ 44.3649” S, 159° 04’ 21.2957” E
Elevation (AHD71/ terrain surveyed at ground
level) [m]:
34.76
ADS-B height (AGL) [m]: 20.5
ADS-B height of phase centre [m]: 15
Type: Kathrein 880 10002 antenna
Frequency [MHz]: 1090
On board radiated power [W] 250
Tab. 2.2 – ADS-B system at Lord Howe Island airfield
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Latitude and Longitude (WGS84): 31° 31’ 43.86” S, 159° 04’ 23.99” E
Elevation (AHD71/ terrain surveyed at ground
level) [m]:
34.76
Frequency [MHz]: 124.25
Radiated Power [W]: 50
Tab. 2.3 – VHF system at Lord Howe Island airfield
Latitude and Longitude (WGS84) 31° 32’ 12.26’’ S, 159° 04’ 18.15’’E
Tab. 2.4 – RWY 10 THR at Lord Howe Island airfield
Latitude and Longitude (WGS84) 31° 32’ 24.12’’S, 159° 04’ 48.74’’ E
Tab. 2.5 – RWY 28 THR at Lord Howe Island airfield
Latitude and Longitude (WGS84) 31° 32’ 18’’S, 159° 04’ 38’’ E
Tab. 2.6 – ARP at Lord Howe Island airfield
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Fig. 2.1 – Lord Howe Island aerophotogrammetry
In Fig. 2.2, it is reported the positioning of Wind Turbines and equipment, in particular:
DME and ADS-B equipment: white marker
VHF equipment: green marker
Wind Turbines: red markers
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Fig. 2.2 – Lord Howe Island: details of LHI airport
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2.2 Terrain model
The simulations have been conducted using a digital terrain model with resolution of 1m. The
terrain characteristics of Lord Howe Island have been reported in Fig. 2.3.
Fig. 2.3 – Digital Terrain Model of Lord Howe Island (resolution of 1 meters)
2.3 Wind Turbines
The complete site model used for the detailed analysis includes terrain and wind turbines. To
assess the impact of the two wind turbines against C/N/S, LHI site model has been modelled and
taken into account for the numerical analysis.
2.3.1 Wind Turbine description
The wind turbine model (Vergnet) with dimensions and geometrical characteristics is shown in
Fig. 2.4.
These wind turbines are composed by two blades with a height of 71m (233ft) AGL (at the
blade tip). The turbine model has a 55m tower and 32m diameter blade. The top of WTG1 is
at 132m AHD71 and WTG2 is at 141m AHD71.
WTG ID Elevation (AHD71) [m] Latitude and Longitude (WGS84)
WTG_1 132 31° 32’ 24.12’’S, 159° 04’ 48.74’’ E
WTG_2 141 31° 32’ 24.12’’S, 159° 04’ 48.74’’ E
Tab. 2.7 – Elevation and position of the two WT close to LHI airport
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Fig. 2.4 – Wind Turbine Vergnet design
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2.4 Site Model
In Fig. 2.5 the digital terrain model used for the simulations has been shown. The position of the
2 wind turbines respect to the DME antenna position has been reported in Fig. 2.6. In the same
picture, it is possible to see that the output is a triangular surface model (including terrain and
wind turbines).
The distances between the DME equipment and the two WTs is following:
Distance between DME and WT1: 223 m
Distance between DME and WT2: 308 m
Fig. 2.5 – Site obstacles on DTM map
For this assessment the two WTs have been oriented with their faces in front of the DME
equipment position, in order to represent worst case condition (maximum energy
reflected/diffracted). The WT blades are at 35° respect to the horizontal plane.
In Fig. 2.8, a detail of WT Vergnet 3D model has been reported.
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Fig. 2.6 – Site model with two Wind Turbines
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Fig. 2.7 – Details of wind turbines 3D model
2.5 DME system analysis
This section reports the simulation output for LHI DME equipment installed at the Lord Howe
Island airfield. The operational domain of the LHI DME has been derived from Published flight
procedures (see the Air services website).
As shown in Fig. 2.9, LHI DME slant range error has been calculated for the following analysis
domains (operational radials and sectors):
Sector A: from 026° to 088°
Sector B: from 205° to 269°
CHEWY to LHI: radial 113°
ABARB to LHI: radial 054°
Each single DME arrival procedure is characterized by three parts:
1. From 25 NM to 11.2 NM – Altitude: 4100 ft
2. From 11.2 NM 3.3 NM – Slope: 3°
3. From 3.3 NM to 0 NM – Altitude: 1580 ft
In Fig. 2.8 a CAD view of Lord Howe Island scenario has been shown, taking into account flight
procedure radials and position of Wind Turbines.
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Fig. 2.8 – CAD view of DME arrival procedures
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Fig. 2.9 – LHI DME arrival procedures
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2.5.1 DME Optical Visibility analysis
The visibility analysis has the goal to evaluate DME LOS (Line Of Sight) so the minimum
altitude that guarantees optical visibility between the on board receiver and the DME equipment.
The visibility analysis takes into account both the terrain and the artificial obstacles (wind
turbines). The analysis has been conducted inside DME operational range.
In particular, with reference to the flight procedures, it can be stated that:
In Fig. 2.10, DME optical visibility has been shown.
As reported in Fig. 2.10, color map shows reduction of optical visibility in East sector
caused by WT presence, but there is no impact on the flight procedure sectors.
Fig. 2.10 – DME optical visibility with wind turbines
WT effects
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2.5.2 DME Coverage analysis
The coverage analysis investigates the radio coverage of the radiated EM signal in terms of
electric field and operational range. This analysis is executed at the operational frequencies of the
equipment under study and considers reflection and diffraction phenomena due to the site (terrain
and obstacles).
The criterion adopted in the coverage analysis is to verify whether the radiated EM field strength
meets the radio coverage requirements (minimum EM field strength) that are reported in [ND1].
EM field strength equal to -89dBW/m2 is required for satisfactory operation usage (see
requirement 3.5.4.1.5.2)
For this analysis, DME antenna pattern (elevation) is reported in Fig. 2.11. The azimuth antenna
pattern is omnidirectional.
Fig. 2.11 – DME antenna pattern (azimuth and elevation)
The goal of coverage analysis is to verify that also considering wind turbines, coverage is still
provided inside DME operational volume.
From Fig. 2.12 to Fig. 2.17 radio coverage of the DME is shown (considering masking effects
coming from the wind turbines) at increasing altitudes, from 1580ft to 15000ft (Tab. 2.8). In
each figure, the colored area denotes the 2D region in which, at that given altitude, the radiated
EM field strength is higher than -89dBW/m2.
With reference to the operational flight procedures altitudes:
DME coverage is reported with and without wind turbines.
it is observed how wind turbines provide masking effect anyway outside procedure
sectors (A and B).
no impact of WT is observed on flight procedure sectors (A and B)
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Altitude values
(ft)
1580
1680
1800
2440
3400
4100
5000
7500
10000
15000
Tab. 2.8 – Altitude values for YLHI published flight procedures
Fig. 2.12 – DME radio coverage at 1580ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left side).
Red shape represents the areas in which the power density is higher than the reference
value of -89 dBW/ m2
WT effects
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Fig. 2.13 – DME radio coverage at 1680 ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side). Red shape represents the areas in which the power density is higher than the
reference value of -89 dBW/ m2
Fig. 2.14 – DME radio coverage at 1800 ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side). Red shape represents the areas in which the power density is higher than the
reference value of -89 dBW/ m2
Fig. 2.15 – DME radio coverage at 2440 ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side). Red shape represents the areas in which the power density is higher than the
reference value of -89 dBW/ m2
WT effects
WT effects
WT effects
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Fig. 2.16 – DME radio coverage at 3400 ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side). Red shape represents the areas in which the power density is higher than the
reference value of -89 dBW/ m2
Fig. 2.17 – DME radio coverage at 4100 ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side). Red shape represents the areas in which the power density is higher than the
reference value of -89 dBW/ m2
Fig. 2.18 – DME radio coverage at 5000 ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side). Red shape represents the areas in which the power density is higher than the
reference value of -89 dBW/ m2
WT effects
WT effects
WT effects
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Fig. 2.19 – DME radio coverage at 7500 ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side). Red shape represents the areas in which the power density is higher than the
reference value of -89 dBW/ m2
Fig. 2.20 – DME radio coverage at 10000 ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side). Red shape represents the areas in which the power density is higher than the
reference value of -89 dBW/ m2
Fig. 2.21 – DME radio coverage at 15000 ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side). Red shape represents the areas in which the power density is higher than the
reference value of -89 dBW/ m2
WT effects
WT effects
WT effects
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2.5.3 Slant range error analysis
This analysis numerically evaluate the DME distance position estimation and the possible
error due to reflection/diffractions from man-made obstacles and terrain. The main outputs
of these analyses will be:
the simulation of the slant range signal along the commissioning flight paths (course
line) according to ICAO requirements;
Identification of the DME signal in space out-of-tolerance areas within the volume
inside which the instrument flight procedures are expected to be designed.
The slant signal error analysis presented in this section uses the PO method to model the
diffraction phenomena of EM propagation, and considers the contributions due to both terrain
and wind turbines.
The simulated slant range error of the flight domains are presented as follows:
Fig. 2.22 refer to Slant range error estimated along Radial 054 (ABARB to LHI)
Fig. 2.23 refer to Slant range error estimated along Radial 113 (CHEWY to LHI)
Fig. 2.24 refer to Slant range error estimated along Radial 205 (Sector B)
Fig. 2.25 refer to Slant range error estimated along Radial 269 (Sector B)
Fig. 2.26 refer to Slant range error estimated along Radial 026 (Sector A)
Fig. 2.27 refer to Slant range error estimated along Radial 088 (Sector A)
From Fig. 2.28 to Fig. 2.33, the comparison between Slant Range error estimation is shown with
and without WT contributions (from 0 to 3.3 NM). Wind Turbines generate reflection
contributions between 0 – 0.5 NM for each analysed direction. As shown, WT reflection
contribution is within DME silence cone.
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Fig. 2.22 – Procedure slant range error: Radial 054- ABARB to LHI arrival procedure
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Fig. 2.23 – Procedure slant range error: Radial 113- CHEWY to LHI arrival procedure
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Fig. 2.24 – Procedure slant range error: Sector B - Radial 205
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Fig. 2.25 – Procedure slant range error: Sector B - Radial 269
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Fig. 2.26 – Procedure slant range error: Sector A - Radial 026
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Fig. 2.27 – Procedure slant range error: Sector A - Radial 088
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Fig. 2.28 – Radial 113 (CHEWY to LHI arrival procedure): comparison between Slant
range error with (red line) and without (black line) WT contribution
DME Silence Cone
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Fig. 2.29 – Radial 054 (ABARB to LHI arrival procedure): comparison between Slant range
error with (red line) and without (black line) WT contribution
DME Silence Cone
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Fig. 2.30 – Radial 205 (Sector B): comparison between Slant range error with (red line) and
without (black line) WT contribution
DME Silence Cone
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Fig. 2.31 – Radial 269 (Sector B): comparison between Slant range error with (red line) and
without (black line) WT contribution
DME Silence Cone
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Fig. 2.32 – Radial 026 (Sector A): comparison between Slant range error with (red line) and
without (black line) WT contribution
DME Silence Cone
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Fig. 2.33 – Radial 088 (Sector A): comparison between Slant range error with (red line)
and without (black line) WT contribution
DME Silence Cone
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2.6 ADS-B system analysis
2.6.1 ADS-B Optical Visibility analysis
In this section, ADS-B optical visibility analysis has been performed taking into account
reflection/diffraction effects caused by wind turbines.
ADS-B optical visibility has been shown with reference to the flight procedures operative sectors.
In Fig. 2.34, color map shows reduction of optical visibility in East sector caused by WT
presence, but there is no impact on the flight procedure sectors.
Fig. 2.34 – ADS-B optical visibility with wind turbines
2.6.2 ADS-B Coverage analysis
ADS-B coverage performances are reported from Fig. 2.35 to Fig. 2.40. All pictures show ADS-
B coverage at several altitudes (see Tab. 2.8) with and without WT contributions.
At different altitudes, it is observed:
there are two orography limitation in North-West and South-East sides.
wind turbines provide masking effect anyway outside procedure sectors (A and B).
Anyway no impact of WT is observed on flight procedure sectors (A and B).
WT effects
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Fig. 2.35 – ADS-B radio coverage at 1580ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side)
Fig. 2.36 – ADS-B radio coverage at 1680ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side)
Fig. 2.37 – ADS-B radio coverage at 1800 ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side)
WT effects
WT effects
WT effects
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Fig. 2.38 – ADS-B radio coverage at 2440ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side)
Fig. 2.39 – ADS-B radio coverage at 3400ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side)
Fig. 2.40 – ADS-B radio coverage at 4100ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side)
WT effects
WT effects
WT effects
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Fig. 2.41 – ADS-B radio coverage at 5000ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side)
Fig. 2.42 – ADS-B radio coverage at 7500ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side)
Fig. 2.43 – ADS-B radio coverage at 10000ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side)
WT effects
WT effects
WT effects
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Fig. 2.44 – ADS-B radio coverage at 15000ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left
side)
WT effects
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2.7 VHF system analysis
2.7.1 VHF equipment Optical Visibility
In Fig. 2.45 VHF optical visibility has been reported. The new WTs have no impact on the
optical visibility of the VHF equipment in the operational region (referring to the published
routes and flight procedures). In particular, good optical visibility is ensured for all flight
procedures sector.
Fig. 2.45 – VHF optical visibility with wind turbines
2.7.2 VHF Coverage analysis
VHF facility coverage performances are reported from Fig. 2.46 to Fig. 2.55. All pictures show
VHF equipment coverage at several altitudes (see Tab. 2.8) with and without WT contributions.
At different altitudes, it is observed:
there are two orography limitation in North-West and South-East sides.
wind turbines provide masking effect anyway outside procedure sectors (A and B).
no impact of WT is observed on flight procedure sectors (A and B).
WT effects
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Fig. 2.46 – VHF radio coverage at 1580ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left side)
Fig. 2.47 – VHF radio coverage at 1680ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left side)
Fig. 2.48 – VHF radio coverage at 1800 ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left side)
WT effects
WT effects
WT effects
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Fig. 2.49 – VHF radio coverage at 2440 ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left side)
Fig. 2.50 – VHF radio coverage at 3400 ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left side)
Fig. 2.51 – VHF radio coverage at 4100ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left side)
WT effects
WT effects
WT effects
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Fig. 2.52 – VHF radio coverage at 5000ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left side)
Fig. 2.53 – VHF radio coverage at 7500ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left side)
Fig. 2.54 – VHF radio coverage at 10000ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left side)
WT effects
WT effects
WT effects
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Fig. 2.55 – VHF radio coverage at 15000ft with WTs (right side) and without WTs (left side)
WT effects
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3. CONCLUSIONS
This technical document achieves the EMC assessment regarding the impact of two wind turbines
close to the Lord Howe Island airport (ICAO code YLHI) against following C/N/S systems:
DME equipment
ADS-B equipment
VHF equipment
DME equipment:
o Optical visibility: reduction of optical visibility is shown in East sector caused by
WT presence, but there is no impact on the flight procedure and published routes
sectors (see Fig. 2.10).
o Radio coverage: radio coverage of the DME is achieved at several altitudes (from
1580ft to 15000ft) using Tx power of 1.2 KW. The coverage has been evaluated
according to requirement 3.5.4.1.5.2 [ND1]. Coverage shape represents the areas in
which the power density is higher than the reference value of -89 dBW/ m2. The
coverage analysis have been performed with and without Wind Turbine in order to
highlight masking effect due to both WT. Anyway no impact on DME coverage is
observed across flight procedure sectors.
o Slant Range Error analysis: from Fig. 2.28 to Fig. 2.33, the comparison between
Slant Range error estimation is shown with and without WT contributions (from 0 to
3.3 NM). Presence of Wind Turbines provide reflection contributions between 0 –
0.5 NM for each analysed direction, so inside the DME shadow cone.
ADS-B equipment
o Optical visibility: there is a masking effect on optical visibility caused by the wind
turbines. As DME coverage analysis, also for ADS-B there is no impact on the flight
procedure sectors and specific published routes.
o Radio coverage: radio coverage of the ADS-B is provided at several altitudes (from
1580ft to 15000ft). Masking effects can be observed for ADS-B coverage. The
entity of these contributions can be considered to have negligible impact for flight
procedure sectors.
VHF equipment
o Optical visibility: reduction of optical visibility is shown in East sector caused by
WT presence, but there is no impact on the flight procedure and published routes
sectors (see Fig. 2.45).
o Radio coverage: radio coverage of the VHF equipment is provided at several
altitudes (from 1580ft to 15000ft). No impact is observed across flight procedure
sectors and published routes. Anyway no radio coverage reduction is observed for
VHF facility.
Recommended