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CNRS and IN2P3 in short. CNRS of France is the largest European Research Organisation, operating in all fields of science & technology IN2P3 and INSU are the two historical "national Institutes", the French government wants now to extent this model of organisation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Alex C. Mueller, DAS*IN2P3**
mueller@in2p3.fr
Meeting with WUTWARSAW, 6 January 2009
Some InformationOn Nuclear Energy Research
*DAS = "Directeur Adjoint Scientifique",Portefeuille:Accélérateurs, Energie Nucléaire, Interdisciplinaire
2
CNRS and IN2P3 in short
CNRS of France is the largest European Research Organisation,operating in all fields of science & technology
IN2P3 and INSU are the two historical "national Institutes", theFrench government wants now to extent this model of
organisationto the other fields of science by creation additional institutes within CNRS.
IN2P3, as its name says is reponsible to coordinate and fund allthe academic research in Nuclear and Particle Physics and theirRelated applications
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009 Alex C. Mueller
3
Present Scientific Priorities of IN2P3
Red = Accelerators involved!!
Focus HEP activities at CERN, based on LHC and its developments
Further develop GANIL as the European Research Center with the most intense exotic nuclear beams based on new SPIRAL2 project(Construction relying on SUPRATECH and ALTO-testbench)
Be a major player for (initial, conceptual) R&D in the field of nuclear energy based on our PACEN programme (e.g. ADS, Th-fuel technology..)
Further consolidate our presence in and our relations- to the fields of Astrophysics and Cosmology
("astroparticles"), - to the field of computing and other applications based
on the "grid" (LCG et EGEE)
Further amplify our commitments to forefront accelerator R&D(i.e. EURISOL, Nufact, CLIC, ILC, ATF2 and laser-plasma techniques)
Research in instrumentation in general and associated technology transfer(includes e.g. proton/hadrontherapy)
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
4Alex C. Mueller
L'IN2P3, quelques chiffres
Plus que 2500 personnes, dont :
417 Chercheurs CNRS de la section 03
90 Chercheurs CNRS des autres sections
351 Enseignants-chercheurs et chercheurs non CNRS
250 Personnels techniques et administratifs non CNRS
1477 Personnels techniques et administratifs CNRS
Repartition Géographique :
1058 Ile de France
504 Rhône Alpes
313 Normandie
261 Alsace
262 Provence
99 Centre
97 Bretagne – Pays de Loire
78 Aquitaine – Limousin
44 Languedoc Roussillon Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
5Alex C. Mueller
world population
6
10
0
5
10
15
2000 2050
billi
ons
per-capita energy use
67
100
0
50
100
150
2000 2050
GJ/
pers
on
world energy demand
400
1000
0
500
1000
1500
2000 2050
EJ
Growth in World Energy Demand ("typical" predictions)
also "typical": electricity=1/3 of primary
Nuclear share of electricity:17% world-wide35% Europe80% France
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
6Alex C. Mueller
Production Mode grams CO2 /kWh
• Hydro-electricity 4
• Nuclear 6
• Wind 3-22
• Photovoltaic 60-150
• Combined-cycle gas turbine 427
• Natural gas direct-cycle 883
• Fuel 891
• Coal 978
Cumulated CO2 emissions fromdifferent means of electricity production
Source: SFEN, ACV-DRD Study
Range reflects the assumption on how thelarge amount of energyfor making the systemsis generated!!
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
7Alex C. Mueller
Life Cycle Emissions
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Lif
e C
ycle
Em
issi
on
s r
elat
ive
to L
ign
ite
CO2 SO2 NOx PM10
Coal (43 %) Lignite (40 %) Gas CC (57.6 %)
Nuclear (PWR ult.waste dis.) PV (5 kW, amorphous)
Wind (1 MW; 5.5 m/s)
PV (5 kW, poly)
Wind (1 MW; 4.5 m/s) Hydro (3.1 MW)
From A. Voss (IER Stuttgart)
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
8Alex C. Mueller
We must consider our planet to be on loan from our children, rather than being a gift from our ancestors. (...) As caretakers of our common future, we have the responsibility to seek scientifically sound policies, nationally as well as internationally. If the long-term viability of humanity is to be ensured, we have no other choice.
(Gro Harlem Brundtland)
Definitions from the Brundtland Commission:
Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".
It’s a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development and institutional change are made consistent withfuture as well as present needs.
What is "Sustainability"
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
9Alex C. Mueller
• Sustainability of an energy producing system can be measured by costs if all costs are considered.
• all costs = internal + external (use of environment)
• hence, management rules (from Voss 2005)
Measuring Sustainability
• The supply of energy services shall be carried out with the possibly lowest total costs. • Total costs represent a useful measure for the usage of scarce resources. • Therefore they are an indicator for relative
sustainability of technologies and systems for supplying energy.
• Research and development are the basis for improving
efficiencies for usage of resources, for limiting energy caused environmental impacts and for expanding the technical-economical energy-basis for future
generations.
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
10Alex C. Mueller
Total life cycle raw material requirements
Source: Marheineke 2002
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
11Alex C. Mueller
The German Plan Political Fiction (2020 = -40%)
Inspite of being unable to meet Kyoto 2010 objectives, le federal Gvt fixes for 2020an even more ambitious objective:-40% MTeqCO2 in 2020.M
Teq
u.C
O2
-0.6%
Yet, if the presenty adoptedmeasures are to bemaintained, one may landhere ("common sense" extra-Polation by H. Flocard) .
Red Point:Flocard extrapolationAnd continuation ofNuclear Power atpresent level
Black point = DG analysis (taking into accountthe phase-out of nuclear power as presently Imposed by law)
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
12Alex C. Mueller
some numbers for France……,giving a hint where to go
Chauffage Eau chaudeCuisson
Électricitéspécifique
Total(Mtep/an)
gaz 15 7 22
pétrole 13 3 16
électricité 6 4 12 22
biomasse 8 1 9
Total(Mtep/an)
42 15 12 69
Véhiculesparticuliers
Véhiculesutilitaires
Transportmer/fer
Transportaérien
Total(Mtep/an)
essence 12 1 13
Gazole fuel
13 17 3 33
Kérosène 6 6
Electricité 1 1
Total(Mtep/an)
25 18 4 6 53
• better insulation, heat pumps….
• electric cars• urban short distance compatible with battery technology
• intermodal transport• use much more electricity
• synthetic fuel• from "wet" and "waste" biomass• Fischer-Tropsch + addtl. H2
• considerably increase electricity production
• up to 50% more nuclear• some potential for intermittent technologies (wind, solar), mainly for H2 production = storage problem efficiently taken into account
quoted from CEA/HC
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
13Alex C. Mueller
Generations of nuclear power plants
- Early prototype/demo reactors
- Shippingport- Dresden, Fermi I- Magnox
Generation I
- First demo of nuclear power on commercial scale
- Close relationship with DOD
- LWR dominates
- LWR-PWR, BWR- CANDU- HTGR/AGR- VVER/RBMK
Generation II
- Multiple vendors
- Custom designs
- Size, costs, licensing times driven up
- ABWR, System 80+, AP600, EPR
Generation III
- Passive safety features
- Standardized designs
- Combined license
Generation IV
- Highly economical
- Proliferation resistant
- Enhanced safety
- Minimize waste
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Atoms forPeace TMI-2 Chernobyl
from van HeekGroningen Energy Convention 2005
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
14Alex C. Mueller
• Geologic time storage of spent fuel is heavily debated leakage in the biosphère ? expensive (1000 €/kg), sites? (Yucca mountain would hold 0.07 Mio tons!!) public opposition
Nuclear Waste from present LWR's (Light Water Reactors)
is highly radiotoxic (108 Sv/ton) at the end of present- type nuclear deployment about 0.3 Mtons, or 3x1013 Sv, compare to radiation workers limiting dose of 20mSv
the initial radiotoxicity level of the mine is reached after more than 1 Mio years worldwide, at present 370 "1GWel equiv. LWR" produce 16% of the net electricity
Nuclear energy makes 880 TWh/y (35% of EU's electricity),but PWR produce important amounts of high level waste
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
15Alex C. Mueller
• In the United States, the current plan is to send all spent nuclear fuel to In the United States, the current plan is to send all spent nuclear fuel to thethe Yucca Mountain Repository. The challenge they are faced with is that Yucca Mountain Repository. The challenge they are faced with is that newnew repositories will be needed as nuclear energy continues or grows.repositories will be needed as nuclear energy continues or grows.
Legislatedcapacity
6-Lab Strategy
MIT Study
EIA 1.5% Growth
Constant 100 GWeSecretarialRecommendation on second repository
S
pen
t F
uel
(m
etri
c to
ns)
Capacity based on limited exploration
Year
The Yucca Mountain Dilemma
Speaker @ Yucca Mountain
M. Capiello & G. Imel (ANL) (ICRS-10/RPS2004)
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
16Alex C. Mueller
-3
-2,5
-2
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
Np
237
D(T
RU
)
U238
Pu
238
Pu
239
Pu
240
Pu
241
Pu
242
Am
242
Am
243
Cm
244
Cm
245
D(P
u)
D 0 implies a source of neutrons is required, whereas D < 0 implies excess neutron self-production
Neutron consumption per fission ("D-factor")for thermal (red) and fast (blue) neutron spectra
Sustainability = Fast Neutrons
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
17Alex C. Mueller
Proton Beam
Spallation Target
accelerator
Fermeture du cycle du combustible par ADS Incinération des déchets radioctifs
L’incinération des déchets, donc de combustible hautement enrichi en actinides mineurs par un système sous critique n’est pas vertu mais nécessité
18Alex C. Mueller
PDS-XADS Reference Accelerator Layout
Strong R&D & construction programs for LINACs Strong R&D & construction programs for LINACs underway worldwide for many applications underway worldwide for many applications
(Spallation Sources for Neutron Science, Radioactive Ions & Neutrino Beam (Spallation Sources for Neutron Science, Radioactive Ions & Neutrino Beam Facilities, Irradiation Facilities)Facilities, Irradiation Facilities)
19Alex C. Mueller
Partitioning and Transmutation
Partitioning:Separating out of spend fuel certain chemical elements
Transmutation: Transforming a chemical element into another
Advanced fuel cycles with P/T may greatly benefit to deep geological storage:
– Reduction of radiotoxicity.– Reduction of the heat load
larger amount of wastes can be stored in the same repository
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
20
TRANSMUTATION (6.5 MEuro)Basic Studies:
MUSEHINDAS
N-TOF_ND_ADS
TRANSMUTATION (7.2 MEuro)Technological Support:SPIRETECLAMEGAPIE - TEST
PARTITIONING (5 MEuro)
PYROREPPARTNEWCALIXPART
TRANSMUTATION (3.9 MEuro)Fuels:CONFIRMTHORIUM CYCLEFUTURE
TRANSMUTATION (6 MEuro)Preliminary Design Studiesfor an Experimental ADS:PDS-XADS
Projects on ADvanced Options for Partitioning and Transmutation (ADOPTADOPT)
FP-5 projects coordinated by ADOPT
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
23Alex C. Mueller
The EUROTRANS programme
- EURopean research programme for the EURopean research programme for the TRANSmutation of high level nuclear TRANSmutation of high level nuclear waste in an Accelerator Driven Systemwaste in an Accelerator Driven System
- EU FP6 programme (2005-2009) EU FP6 programme (2005-2009)
- 31 research agencies & industries, 16 31 research agencies & industries, 16 universitiesuniversities
- Expands the EU FP5 project PDS-XADS Expands the EU FP5 project PDS-XADS (2001-2004)(2001-2004)
- 5 Domains (DM1=Design, ...) 5 Domains (DM1=Design, ...)
Main GOAL of the EUROTRANS programmeMain GOAL of the EUROTRANS programme
- Advanced design of a 50-100 MWth eXperimental facility demonstrating the technical Advanced design of a 50-100 MWth eXperimental facility demonstrating the technical feasibility of Transmutation on an ADS feasibility of Transmutation on an ADS (XT-ADS, short-term realisation)(XT-ADS, short-term realisation)
- Generic conceptual design (several 100 MWth) of a European Facility for Industrial Generic conceptual design (several 100 MWth) of a European Facility for Industrial Transmutation Transmutation (EFIT, long-term realisation)(EFIT, long-term realisation)
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
24Alex C. Mueller
Generation IV International Forum
Generation IV International Forum (GIF)
Argentina Brazil France
S. Africa Korea Switzerland UK US
Canada Japan
Euratom
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
25Alex C. Mueller
Interests of participating countries for GEN IV Systems
GFR = Gas-Cooled Fast ReactorLFR = Lead-Cooled Fast ReactorMSR = Molten Salt ReactorSFR = Sodium-Cooled Fast ReactorSCWR = Supercritical Water-Cooled ReactorVHTR = Very-High-Temperature Reactor
VHTR
GFR
SFR
LFR
SCWR
MSR
July 2005
leading role
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
26Alex C. Mueller
Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR)
Characteristics•Helium coolant•900-950°C outlet temp•Water-cracking cycle
Benefits•Hydrogen production•High degree of passive safety
•High thermal efficiency•Process heat applications
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
27Alex C. Mueller
Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR)
Characteristics
•Water coolant at supercritical conditions
•550°C outlet temperature•1700 MWe•Simplified balance of plant
Benefits
•Efficiency near 45% with excellent economics
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
28Alex C. Mueller
Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR)
Characteristics•Helium coolant
•850°C outlet temperature
•Direct gas-turbine cycle
•600 MWth/288 MWe
Benefits•Waste minimization and efficient use of uranium resources
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
29Alex C. Mueller
Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR)
Characteristics•Pb or Pb/Bi coolant•550°C to 800°C outlet temperature
•120–400 MWe•15–30 year core life•Cartridge core for regional fuel processing
Benefits•Proliferation resistance of long-life cartridge core
•Distributed electricity generation
•Hydrogen production•High degree of passive safety
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
30Energy Supply and Climate Change,Bad Honnef, Germany, May 26-29 2008
Alex C. Mueller
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR)(SFR)
Characteristics•Sodium coolant•550°C Outlet Temp•600 to 1500 MWe•Metal fuel with pyroprocessing, or
•MOX fuel with advanced aqueous processing
Benefits•Waste minimization and efficient use of uranium resources
Remark
•Revival of Superphénix Technology
31Alex C. Mueller
Characteristics•Fuel: liquid fluorides of Na, Zr, U and Pu
•700–800°C outlet temperature
•1000 MWe•Low pressure (<0.5 MPa)
Alternate Fuel• Thorium possible
Benefits•‘Final burn’ transmutation
•Avoids fuel development
•Proliferation resistance through low fissile material inventory
Molten Salt Reactor (MSR)Molten Salt Reactor (MSR)
Major personal comment:• Thorium fueled nuclear reactors do not need to be accelerator-driven
• unnecessary economic burden and technical complication Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
32Alex C. Mueller
Recycling inThermal reactors
Burndown usingfast spectrumburners Generation IV
Equilibrium
Once-through cycle
LWR
SeparationsSeparations
LWRLWR
ADS
SeparationsSeparations
LWR
FR
ADS
SeparationsSeparations
Am
ount
of
Tra
nsur
ani
cs
Time
Figure: M. Capiello & G. Imel (ANL) (ICRS-10/RPS2004)
Scenario using ADS to supportGeneration-III (and even Gen-IV ! ) reactors
2020 2030 2040 2050
(only certain countriese.g. US)
Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009
33Alex C. Mueller
Conclusion
Phasing out of fossile fuel needs to e sustainable
Nuclear Power likely to increase by factor 2-5 worldwide
Waste from installed (Gen-3), present (Gen-3) can be adressed
by dedicated transmutation systems (ADS)
(fast) Gen-4 concepts "self-incinerate" their waste.
Gen-4 molten salt reactor with Thorium produces much less waste
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