Climate change, energy system, CO2 emissions, CCS and CCU · JURA CEMENT plant in Wildegg •...

Climate change, energy system, CO2 emissions, CCS and CCU

Marco Mazzotti

ETH Zurich

February 22nd, 2021

122.02.21

1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions

40 billion tons CO2 per year

50 million tons CO2 per year

6 tons CO2 per year per person

(9 t in EU28; 16 t in USA)

Swiss energy mix (power): 130 g CO2/kWh; EU28: 400 g CO2/kWh

6 tons CO2 per year per person

222.02.21

1. CO2 emissions per year per person

120 m2; 300 m3

6 tons CO2 per year = 3000 m3 per year per person

3000 m3

CO2

700 kg waste per year per person= 3 m3 per year (4 persons)

… 10 days

… 100 years

3 m3

To fill the house one needs…

322.02.21

1. CO2 emissions: where from?

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/introductory-chapter/Fig. 1.3

buildings

industry

transport

agriculture

power and heat

422.02.21

1. Direct and indirect emissions

CO2

Gasolinedistribution

Power plant and electricity grid

Oil productionand refining

CO2

522.02.21

1. Primary energy sources

solar

wind

nuclear

coal, oil & gas

biomass

hydropower

fuels (liquid & gas)

power andheat

Intermittentrenewablesneed storageof heat andpower

622.02.21

1. Primary energy sources (2008 data)https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/renewable-energy-and-climate-change/Fig. 01.10

Renewable energy sources may be not carbon-neutral.To assess the carbon-footprint of power generation a LCA is needed

722.02.21

1. The complexity of the energy system

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/renewable-energy-and-climate-change/Fig. 01.22

To determine thecarbon footprint ofthe energy system

requires a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

822.02.21

1. Carbon footprint of power generation

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/summary-for-policymakers/Fig. SPM.08

Renewableenergy sources

are notcarbon-neutral.

CCS ?!?LC

Aca

rbo

nfo

otp

rin

t[g

CO

2eq

/kW

h]

Renewable energy sources Coal, oil & gas, and nuclear

922.02.21

1. Automobile: ICE or BEV?

180,000 km total

http://www.sccer-hae.ch/wpp2x.php Fig. 6.1

It depends…

1022.02.21

The global carbon cycle

IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis

Atmosphere: 800 Gt

Hydrosphere: 40,000 Gt Lithosphere: 65,000,000 Gt

Biosphere: 2,500 GtAnthroposphere: 2-3 Gt

Natural fluxes: 100 Gt/aAnthropogenic GHG: 10 Gt/a

CCS

1122.02.21

2. A limited carbon-budget

IPCC WG1 AR5 SPM

IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis

The Paris Agreement commits to hold global warming to below 2°C, possibly below

1.5°C (Dec. 2015)

1222.02.21

http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr15/

2. Net-zero-CO2 emissions world and NETs

Energy systems:• more complex;• decentralized;• prosumers;• mgmt of provision

and demand;• multi-energy grids.

Net-zero-CO2

emissions solutions, in all sectors and for

everybody

Decarbonization of:• Power generation;• Mobility;• Households;• Industry (– 75-90%);• Agriculture;• Lifestyle.

Negative emissions (100-1000 GtCO2):• Bio-Energy w/ CCS;• Direct Air Capture

(DAC) w/ CCS;• ( CCS = Carbon

Capture & Storage. )

1322.02.21

© Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute Ltd 2016

3. CCS (Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage)

1422.02.21

3. CCS

•120 MW net coal-fired power plant

•PCC of 1 Mt CO2/y, with Cansolvamine scrubbing

•Storage in aquifer or for EOR

•Operational since October 2014© Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute Ltd 2016

Post-Combustion Capture

1500+ meter deep

1522.02.21

3. CCS

1500+ meter deep

•120 MW net coal-fired power plant

•PCC of 1 Mt CO2/y, with Cansolvamine scrubbing

•Storage in aquifer or for EOR

•Operational since October 2014

Direct Air Capture

•DAC of 1.5 kt CO2/y in Hinwil, ZH

•Vacuum-Temperature Swing Adsorption

•Regeneration w/ or w/o steam at 100°C

•CO2 fed to greenhouse nearby

•Operational since May 2017

1 €10 €

Post-Combustion Capture

1622.02.21

3. CCS at the Sleipner gas-field, Norway

The world’s first and longest lasting commercial storage project(since 1996, 20+ Mt CO2 stored).

1722.02.21

3. CCS at the Sleipner gas-field, Norway

Natural gas with ~9% CO2

CO2 injection in the Utsira formation

~ 2500 m

~ 1000 mCO2 separation from gas

~ 3000 m

Gas

CO2

Source: StatoilHydro

1822.02.21

3. CCS at the Sleipner gas-field, Norway

4D-Seismic, powerful monitoring technique, shows that CO2 migration follows design specs.

Top: vertical slices through seismic volumes

Bottom: horizontal slices through seismic data at the indicated horizon in time

Source: Boait et al. 2012. J Geophys Res 117. B03309.

1922.02.21

10 m3

3. Geological storage of CO2

6 ton CO2 per person: from 3000 m3 to 10 m3 per year 3000 m3

120 m2; 300 m3

To fill the space at home: from 10 days to 10 years

2022.02.21

3. CCS

1500+ meter deep

Post-Combustion Capture

IS UNDEGROUND STORAGE OF CO2 SAFE?

1.Climate protection: ‘Putting CO2 in deep geological

formations is a lot safer and better than putting the same

CO2 into the atmosphere.’

2.Physical basis: ‘CO2 is trapped in microscopic rock pores

by the same process that has trapped natural gas for

millions of years.’

3.Operational experience: ‘We know from 20+ years of

operations at Sleipner and elsewhere that CCS works.’

4.Geophysical monitoring: ‘We can see where the CO2 is

(with some uncertainty) and show it is safely stored in

the intended reservoir unit.’

5.Regulatory compliance: ‘We can demonstrate regulatory

conformance with the Norwegian and EU CO2 storage

directives.’

2122.02.21

© Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute Ltd 2016

Europe plans to have a CO2 storage hub in the North Sea from 2023 (Northern Lights)

3. CCS

2222.02.21

Northern Lights

2322.02.21

2. CO2conversion

C-rich product

3. Product utilization

C-rich waste

1. CO2capture

CO24. Disposal

of CO2

4. The CCU system

2.2. H2synthesis

H22.3. CO2 +

H2 reaction2.1. RES

harvestingpower

CCU CYCLES• Energy cycle• Carbon cycle• Material cycles

WG VIEW: SOCIETAL SERVICES• power generation and distribution;• fuels (and power) for transport;• long-term long-range RES storage;• industrial products and materials.

2422.02.21

4. C-neutral Methanol

CCS-DAC Bio

CCU-DACBAU

2500 m2/(t/y)

70 m2/(t/y)

today net-zero-CO2

0

2

4

6

8

10

BAUCCS-DAC

CCU-DACBio

Energy requirements (C-free) [MWh / tMeOH]

Power Heat

Gabrielli, Gazzaniand Mazzotti (2019) submitted

2522.02.21

4. C-neutral Methanol

2622.02.21

4. C-neutral Methanol

2722.02.21

5. CCUS and CCS potential in SwitzerlandThe Energieperspektiven 2050+ published by SFOE (26.11.2020) show that CCS shall play a key role (i.e. 7 mton CO2/y CCS & 5 mton CO2/y NET ) to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in Switzerland by 2050.

28

Swiss CO2 point sources are: i. Waste-to-Energy (30 plants) 4.5 Mt CO2/yii. Mineral industry (7 plants) 2.6 Mt CO2/yiii. Chemical industry (9 plants) 1.1 Mt CO2/y

22.02.21

JURA CEMENT plant in Wildegg• 800'000 tons of cement produced/year

• Ca. 500’000 tons of CO2 emitted/year

(of which over 30% are process

emissions)

CrusherQuarry Transport Rawmill

Kiln and preheater/precalcinator

Cement mill Logistics

Fuel emissions

Process emissions

Credit: McKinsey and Company 2922.02.21

ERZ plant in Hagenholz

30

Ofenhaus mit zweiVerbrennungslinien

Energiezentrale

Rauchgasreinigung

Abfallbunker

Leitstand

Recyclinghof

Annahme/Materialkontrolle

Sonderabfallsammelstelle

• 245’000 t municipal waste processed/year• Ca. 250’000 tCO2/emitted (50% biogenic)• Heat and electricity supply: 84 and 17 MW, respectively• Seasonal variations of heat load: 30-100% from summer to winter• Third line to be added in 2026 (+50% waste processing capacity)

22.02.21

31

AMMONIA NITRATES AND PHOSPHATES UREA MELAMINE METHANOL

SYNGAS

Gubakha, Perm Region (Russia)Ca. 400’000 tCO2/y

22.02.21

Demonstration of CO2 utilization and storage in concrete (domestic solution)

32

Total amount of CO2 utilized and stored in carbonated recycled concrete: 500-1000 tons

1. Stationary

Carbonation PlantSiloes equipped with carbonation

system: no handling, longer

carbonation times, all RCA

fractions

Neustark

2. Slurry Carbonation

PlantCO2 in liquid phase reacts in

concrete batching phase with

cement – improved concrete

properties

Neustark

Recycling

Concrete

Market share: 15%

Primary Concrete

Market share: 85%

Recycled Concrete

Aggregate (RCA)Kästli

Concrete Mixing

WaterKästli

CO2 supplyLiquefaction, transport, and

temporary storage

Ara Region Bern / Neustark

Cement

•Accounts for about 80% of

GHG emissions of concrete

•Concrete mix design

optimization enables to lower

the cement content by 5-15%

1. Arabern: waste water treatment

plant, with biogas upgrader.

Neustark: liquefaction of CO2,

loading of isotainers, and transport

by truck.

Challenge: optimizing logistics at

CO2 source site.

2. Kästli: concrete recycling plant.

Neustark: carbonation of demolition concrete, delivery of carbonated concrete.

Challenge: optimizing material flows, energy effciency, carbonation process, and operations on site.

3. EMPA: material testing.

Kästli/Neustark: preparation andanalysis of concrete mix designs.

Challenge: assessing concrete quality, as a driver towards optimization of CO2 storage, climate impact (CO2

footprint) and energy efficiency in carbonation.

Neustark, Ara Region Bern, Kästli, EMPA 22.02.21

33

Pilot plant Neustark AG and Kästli Bau AG

20 t liquid CO2 tank

Reactor containers

22.02.21

Pilot plant Neustark AG and Kästli Bau AG

34

22.02.21

CCUS and CCS potential in SwitzerlandThe Energieperspektiven 2050+ published by SFOE (26.11.2020) show that CCS shall play a key role (i.e. 7 mton CO2/y CCS & 5 mton CO2/y NET ) to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in Switzerland by 2050.

35

Swiss CO2 point sources are: i. Waste-to-Energy (30 plants) 4.5 Mt CO2/yii. Mineral industry (7 plants) 2.6 Mt CO2/yiii. Chemical industry (9 plants) 1.1 Mt CO2/y

22.02.21

6. Books on climate change

• Jonathan Franzen „The end of the end of the Earth“ (2018)

• Jonathan Safran Foer „We are the weather - Saving the planet begins at breakfast“ (2019)

• Amitav Ghosh „The great derangement“ (2016)

• Dale Jamieson „Reason in a dark time“ (2014)

• David Wallace-Wells „The uninhabitable Earth. Life after warming“ (2019)

• Naomi Oreskes & Eric M. Conway „Merchants of doubt – How a handful ofscientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming“ (2010)

• Bill Gates „How to avoid a climate disaster – The solutions we have and thebreakthroughs we need“ (2021)

3622.02.21