Classification The grouping of organisms based on characteristics Taxonomy – The scientific naming...

ClassificationClassification

The grouping of organisms based on characteristics

Taxonomy – The scientific naming and classifying of organisms

ClassificationClassificationWhy do we use classification

systems?

To make organisms easier to study and understand

Elk

Norway Here in the U.S.

Classification Classification Old way to classify is the

polynomial system (until the mid-1700’s)◦They grouped plants and animals

into genera (genus) and then put descriptive words on the front

Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabis, untrinque margine ciliatus

Linnaeus system of Linnaeus system of classificationclassificationCarl Linnaeus –

◦Swedish Biologist◦ lived from 1707-

1778◦Father of

taxonomy◦Developed the

hierarchical system of classification and binomial nomenclature

Linnaeus classificationLinnaeus classificationIt is Universal!!! (Latin)Each level of

classification is based on characteristics shared by each member of the group◦Each level becomes more

specific◦Ex. The domain is less

specific than the kingdom

Hierarchical structureHierarchical structureFirst nameLast name AddressStreetCityStateZip codeCountry

Three Domains – archaea, Three Domains – archaea, bacteria, eukariabacteria, eukaria

Classification of the Classification of the European HoneybeeEuropean Honeybee• Domain – Eukarya• Kingdom – Animalia• Phylum – Arthropoda• Class – Insecta• Order – Hymenoptera• Family – Apidae• Genus – Apis• Species - mellifera

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Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature• Binomial (from bi, meaning two)

Nomenclature (meaning names)• The two part name of an

organism is the scientific name–Ex. Mountain lion (Puma concolor)–The first letter of the genus is always

capitalized and the first letter of the species is always lowercase

– It is always italicized if typed underlined if hand written

Hierarchical structureHierarchical structureFirst nameLast name AddressStreetCityStateZip codeCountry

Classification of the Classification of the European HoneybeeEuropean Honeybee• Domain – Eukarya• Kingdom – Animalia• Phylum – Arthropoda• Class – Insecta• Order – Hymenoptera• Family – Apidae• Genus – Apis• Species - mellifera

Scientific name: Apis mellifera

Classification based on Classification based on evolutionary historyevolutionary historyPhylogeny –

evolutionary history

Classification should be based on phylogeny

How to read an evolutionary How to read an evolutionary treetree

• Time moves upward

• Nodes represents common ancestor

How to read an evolutionary How to read an evolutionary treetree

How to read an evolutionary How to read an evolutionary treetree◦ In-group is the

group that is being analyzed

◦ Out-group is closely related to the in-group but not in the clade

What would you use to make What would you use to make an evolutionary tree? (to an evolutionary tree? (to infer evolutionary infer evolutionary relationships)relationships)Genetic dataMorphologyFossil evidenceEcological niche

What we use to construct an What we use to construct an evolutionary treeevolutionary tree

Ancestral characteristics◦ Evolved from a

common ancestor of both groups (old trait)

Derived characteristics◦ An ancestor of one

group but not the other (new trait)

Be carful for convergent Be carful for convergent evolutionevolutionHomology -

characters are similar because of shared ancestory

Analogy – characters are similar because of convergent evolution◦ Ex. Wings in a bat,

insect, and bird – wings were not in a common ancestor. This is called an analogous structure.

Convergent evolutionConvergent evolution

How has phylogenetics How has phylogenetics affected old groups affected old groups

Clade – taxonomic group comprising of one common ancestor

Sometimes we find that we have grouped things together that are not in the same clade.

Example of a Polyphyletic Example of a Polyphyletic groupgroup