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Classification & KingdomsDecember 7, 2013
Nancy DowJill Hansen
Tammy Stundon
Gulf Coast State College Panhandle Area Educational Consortium
5230 West Highway 98 753 West Boulevard
Panama City, Florida 32401 Chipley, Florida 32428
850-769-1551 877-873-7232
www.gulfcoast.edu
Biology Partnership
(A Teacher Quality Grant)
Pre-testQ and A board
What is a dichotomous key?
How is all life grouped?
How do you represent the diversity of animals?
Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards
• SC.912.L.15.6* Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms. (MODERATE)
• SC.912.L.15.4* Describe how and why organisms are hierarchically classified and based on evolutionary relationships. (HIGH)
• SC.912.L.15.5 Explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified. (HIGH)
(Also assessed SC.912.N.1.3, and SC.912.N.1.6.)
Item Specs
Benchmark Clarifications– Students will classify organisms based on the distinguishing characteristics
of the domains and/or kingdoms of living organisms.– Students will identify and/or describe how and/or why organisms are
hierarchically classified based on evolutionary relationships.– Students will identify and/or explain the reasons for changes in how
organisms are classified.– Students will identify ways in which a scientific claim is evaluated (e.g.,
through scientific argumentation, critical and logical thinking, and consideration of alternative explanations).
– Students will identify examples of scientific inferences are made from observations.
Content Limits – Items referring to distinguishing characteristics of living organisms are
limited to the domains of Archea, Bacteria, and Eukarya and the kingdoms of Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
– Items will not require specific knowledge of organisms classified in any domain or kingdom; items should describe the characteristics of an organism and assess its classification.
– Items may refer to prokaryotic, eukaryotic, unicellular and/or multicellular organisms, autotrophs, and/or heterotrophs, but they will not assess the definition of those terms.
– Items referring to changes in classification systems should be conceptual and will not require specific knowledge of those changes.
– Items may address evolutionary classification, phylogeny, and the use of cladograms, but they may not assess the definition of those terms.
– Items assessing a scientific claim are limited to the classification of organisms.
Stimulus Attribute Scenarios addressing scientific inferences are limited to classification.
Response Attributes Responses in item referring to scientific claims and scientific inferences should be specific to the context of the item instead of generic statements.
From 5 Kingdoms to 6
►
One Kingdom was split into 2 – which one?
Kingdom Monera – which contained ALL bacteria
Why? – We’ll learn why today a little later
6 Kingdom Foldable• Match up the ends of your paper as if
you doing a hamburger fold…DO NOT FOLD YOUR PAPER!
• Use your pencil to make a light mark on the inside of your paper.
• Shutter fold… fold you paper in on both side and let them meet in the middle of your paper
• Fold each side
• Using a ruler (share) you will make a tiny mark every 7 ½ cm
• Draw lines across your shutters where you made your marks at every 7 ½ cm.
• On the inside draw a line down the middle of your paper. This will give you an idea on the space you will have
for your information.
• You will then cut the lines on the shutters, but be sure not to cut the back side of your foldable( this will
give you three tabs on each side of your foldable).
Kingdom Foldable
Topics to include: • Domain
• Reproduction
• Single/multi celled
• Membrane/wall
• Obtain/use energy
• Examples
Simpler version
• Use what works for you
On each tab, at the top, you will write each kingdom on the tabs shown
ARCHAEBACTERIA
FUNGI
ANIMALIAPLANTAE
PROTISTA
EUBACTERIA
Old Way of Thinking
5. K: Protists K: Fungi K: Plant K: Animal
PROKARYOTE
5. K: Monera
4. BF & sexual
3. ribosomes
2. linear DNA
plasma membrane
3. membrane bound nucleus
2. Circular DNA
3. Little to no ‘true’ organelles
1. Smaller (µm) 1. larger (nm)
EUKARYOTE
Students need to include topics!
1. Size
2. Shape of DNA
3. Presence of organelles
5. Kingdoms
4. Means of reproduction
4. Binary Fission
New View• 90’s Carol Woese
established a significant difference within bacteria to warrant 2 separate kingdoms
Eubacteria: peptidoglycan present in cells walls
Archaobacteria: no peptidoglycan
www.comicvine.com
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
(Monera)
Bacteria have a biomass greater than that of all the plants and animals on earth. They thrive in a variety of habitats including arctic ice, volcanic vents, and the human intestine.
The two Prokaryote Kingdoms
Both: • 1st living forms on Earth • Lack a nucleus• Reproduce by binary fission • Singled-celled• Autotrophic (photo and chemosynthesis) and
heterotrophic• Lack nuclei, mitochondria and other membrane –bound organelles• live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats
Eubacteria – bacteria in less extreme environments; StreptococcusArchaebacteria - live in extreme environments; boiling water, no
oxygen, acid, hydrothermal vents; Cyanobacteria such as Stomatolites
Protista
• Protista means 1st; first with a nucleus (Eukaryotic)• Singled-celled • Autotrophic (photosynthetic)
/heterotrophic
Ameba
Fungus• Multicellular• Nucleus (Eukaryotic)• Cell wall made of Chitin• Heterotrophic; excrete digestive enzymes than filaments absorb the nutrients• Asexual and Sexual Reproduction (spores)
Paramecium
•Binary fission (asexual)•Sexual but only under stress
Filaments magnified
The Eukaryotes
Plants• Multicelluar
• Nucleus
• Autotrophic (photosynthetic)
– Chlorophyll
• Cell wall with cellulose
• Sexual reproduction with little asexual
Animals• Multicellular• Nucleus• Heterotrophic• Trend to only sexual reproduction
Platypus
The Eukaryotes….
Kingdom Manipulative
• Use manipulative to give students
practice with kingdoms
THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Protists Plants Fungi Animals
Chordata
Mammalia
Artiodactyla
Giraffidae
Giraffa
Giraffa camelopardalis
The official scientificname is a combination of the Genus and Species terms.
Ours: Keep Panama
City
On
Florida’s
Good
Side
Come up with a mnemonic device toremember the sequence! Report back to us…
ClipThe science of
classification is called
taxonomy
Biological Classification
1.Assign a universally accepted name to each organism (Latin)
2. Place organism into groups that have biological meaning • Based on similarities in structures mainly• Many scientist are pushing for a complete DNA grouping; more detailed/precise but a “closest gets more messy before it gets organized affect.”
8th century – Carolus Linnaeus developed a naming system
System called binominal nomenclature; printing of the scientific name is the Genus & species.
Presentation is important!• Underline or italicized • Only the genus is capitalized. Ex: Acer rubrum These characteristics can be placed into a dichotomous key, a key to help others to identify a species
Canis lupus familiarisGenus species subspecies
10 minutes!!
Don’t be late for the
Dichotmous Key Activity
Dichotomous Key
2 formats:
1.Tree
2.Sentences
Example - Of the class
The Dichotomous Key to Holiday Giving and Community Service!
Dichotomous Key to the Family Faveo 1 a. Can be used as a source of nutrition ------------- Go to 2 b. Cannot be used as a source of nutrition --------- Go to 7 2 a. Made from the seeds of the cocoa tree --------- Go to 3b. Not made from the seeds of the cocoa tree --------Go to 6
3a. A colonial candy ------------------ Chocolatus nomelticusb. A unicellular candy ----------------------------------- Go to 4
Potato Chip Taxonomy
Important to review the details of testing the key; easy for some to become confused.
-Colored pages may help
THE EVOLUTIONARY TREE OF LIFE
BACTERIA ARCHAEA Protists Plants Fungi Animals
EUKARYA
Common ancestor of all life on earth
Each tip branches out further to represent all species on earth today.
An evolutionary tree with a branch for each of the millions of species on earth would be incredibly complex.
Animals
HOW TO READ AN EVOLUTIONARY TREE
Fish Bird Human Rat Mouse
Common ancestor of mice and rats
Common ancestor of mice, rats, and humans
Common ancestor of mice, rats, humans, and birdsCommon ancestor of
mice, rats, humans, birds, and fish
Tim
e
At this point, a speciation event occurred and the ancestral species split into two species. This shows which groups are closely related, not which ones are more primitive or advanced.
Which is more closely related?
Various types of evolutionary trees
No matter the style of tree, all represent possible evolutionary pathways of certain organisms and relationships.
Construct your own!
Other Dichotomous Resources
http://webworldwonders.firn.edu/cameras/keys/sa/tree.html
Ferguson Foundation- interactive lessons
Follow up
•Q & A
•Post Test
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