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World Regional Geography. Africa. Week #4. C.J. Cox Instructor. Africa South of the Sahara. Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa Physical Geography of Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Historical Geography of Africa African Sub-regions. Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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C.J. CoxInstructor
Africa South of the Sahara
Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa Physical Geography of Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Historical Geography of Africa African Sub-regions
Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa
1. Continent dominated by it’s plateau character
2. Majority of people depend on farming for their livelihood
Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa
3. High amount of disease (malaria, sleeping sickness, aids)
4. African boundaries drawn by Europeans at the beginning of the colonial period
5. Economic development in scattered areas
Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa
6. Rich in raw materials vital to industrialized economies
7. Inter-regional connections are poor
8. Africa has been a place of competition and conflict between major powers
Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa
9. Highest population growth despite
diseases & food shortages
10. Contrasting areas from civil
wars to stability
Relative Location of Africa Lying astride the equator Between the
Atlantic/Indian and Mediterranean
On the periphery of the land hemisphere
Second largest continent– 4500 miles from east to
west– 4800 miles from north
to south
core
PeripheralPeripheral
PeripheralPeripheral
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Per
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Perip
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Perip
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Africa South of the Sahara
Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa Physical Geography of Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Historical Geography of Africa African Sub-regions
Physical Geography of Africa
Plate Tectonics Plateaus Deserts Mountains Rivers Lakes Climates
Physical Geography of Africa Plate Tectonics
– core for the super continent Gondwana
– deep gorges & trenches resultant from continental movement
– rift valleys or hugh parallel cracks or faults
Physical Geography of Africa
Plateaus - plateau land mass where altitude moderates the tropical heat– average of at least 1000
ft.– half of continent is over
2500ft.
Basins - Congo, Djouf, Kalahari & Sudan
Physical Geography of Africa
Deserts– The Sahara
Desert - the world’s greatest desert
– The Kalahari Desert
– The Namib Desert
Physical Geography of Africa Mountains
– no mts. of continental size
– Atlas Mountains– Drakenberg Mts.– Abyssian Highlands– Volcanic Peaks of East
Africa such as Mt. Kenya & Mt. Kilimanjaro
– Great Escarpment (Zaire to Swaziland)
Physical Geography of Africa Rivers
– The Nile (Abyssian Highlands to Mediterranean)
– The Niger (highlands of Guinea to delta of Nigeria
– The Congo River (Dem. Rep. Of The Congo)
– The Zambezi - (Zaire/Zambia boundary (Lualaba River) to Lake Malawi delta
Physical Geography of Africa
Lakes– Lake Victoria– Lake Tanganyika– Lake Malawi (Nyasa)
Many of the rivers in Africa occupy the trenches cutting through the East African Plateau
Physical Geography of Africa Climates
– Symmetrical about the equator– rainy tropical climates of equator– savanna lands of trees with grass– steppe lands of only grass– arid conditions of Sahara &
Kalahari Deserts– med. zones at extremities
Africa South of the Sahara
Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa Physical Geography of Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Historical Geography of Africa African Sub-regions
Cultural Geography of Africa
– Population– Languages– Agriculture– Economics– Religion
Cultural Geography of Africa
Population– 763 million– concentrations in Nigeria,
Lake Victoria & South Africa
– high mortality rates of Sahel, Ethiopia, West Africa
poor soils, inadequate precipitation
Cultural Geography of Africa
Population Characteristics– Birth rates 40/1000
– Death rates 15/1000
– Natural Increase 25/1000
– Infant Mortality 91/1000
– Doubling Time 27 years
– Pop <15 44%
– Pop > 65 3%
Cultural Geography of Africa Languages
– Diversity of African Languages indicating isolation over long periods of time
– Dozens of languages in a single country
– 1/7 of the inhabited world with 1/3 of the the languages
Cultural Geography of Africa Languages
– divides North Africa & Africa South of the Sahara
– Afro-Asiatic north of Sahara
– Niger Congo languages in the south
– Malayo Polynesian in Madagascar
– Germanic in South Africa
Cultural Geography of Africa
Agriculture– subsistence farming
Cultural Geography of Africa
Agriculture
Cultural Geography of Africa Agriculture
– nomadic herding
– per capita food production decreasing
Africa South of the Sahara
Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa Physical Geography of Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Historical Geography of Africa African Sub-regions
Historical Geography of Africa Pre European Prelude
– the absence of written history– Trade with places like Timbuktu– East Africa trade with China, India Indonesia
& Arabs Colonial Transformation
– 1600s series of coastal stations & forts– trade with African middlemen for slaves, gold,
ivory & spices – Arabs had slave trade long before Europeans
Historical Geography of Africa Colonial Transformation (continued)
– 30 million slaves deported from Africa all over world– European presence brought a reorientation of
external trade interior states decline -
– Penetration into the interior not until mid of 1800's
– 400 years later European carved up Africa Belgium Congo Portuguese Angola & Mozambique French western Africa (France still maintains influence)
Africa South of the Sahara
Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa Physical Geography of Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Historical Geography of Africa African Sub-regions
NigeriaBurkina FasoMauritaniaMaliNigerSenegalGuineaGuinea BissauGambiaIvory CoastSierra TogoBeninGhanaLiberia
WEST AFRICA
bulge Lake Chad to Senegal to coast to Sahara)
large desert states to the north smaller coastal states most populated region cultured area coastal location favorable for trade
WEST AFRICA
Nigeria– Moslem north– mid area poor unproductive & disease– oil reserves in the Niger delta– urbanization 29%– capital Abuja in center
•
KenyaUgandaTanzaniaRwandaBurundi
The HornEthiopiaSomaliaEritreaDjibouti
East Africa highland plateau Africa - savanna Lake Victoria 3 major countries come
together Tanzania
– largest country with 24 million– country with out a prime core area– African socialism– cooperatives & new villages– cotton north/ tea south
East Africa Kenya 22.8 million
– good agricultural areas– strong core area– capitalist state– Nairobi/Mombassa– tourism– pop. increase 4.2 % annually– doubling time is 17 years– by 2025 4 times as many as today (83 million)– over 1/2 pop under 15 – average 8 kids per woman
East Africa
Uganda – 16.2 million– military regime of Amin 1971-1979– 75,000 Asians evacuated & commercial
system fell apart– death by violence 300,000– economy still in shambles & fragmented
Burundi & Rwanda 12 million
ChadCameroonCentral African Rep.GabonSao Tome and
PrincipeEquatorial GuineaCongoDemocratic
Republic of the Congo (Zaire)
CENTRAL AFRICA Zaire, Congo, Cameroon, Central African Republic Gabon Equatorial Guinea
Zaire 33 million & 900,000 sq. miles– wealth within the basin rim– river system nuetralized by rapids– independence in 1960
CENTRAL AFRICA Gabon
– modest oil reserves, forests & lots of minerals
Cameroon – self sufficient in food, oil
reserves
South AfricaAngolaNamibiaBotswanaZimbabweMozambiqueZambiaMalawiMadagascarLesotho
Southern Africa
South Africa – the dominant political & economic force& military– the continent's richest in minerals
gold, chromium, diamonds, platinum, coal and iron ore. political influence in Southern Africa operates ports in Mozambique assistance programs in Malawi mediterranean agriculture wool plateau country
Southern Africa
South Africa southern tip 471,000 square miles 34.7 million great ethnic diversity English, Boers, (5 mill) colored (3 mill) Asians, 1 mill Indians & blacks (25 million) Dutch founded Cape Town in 1652 1800 the British Boer War 1899-1902 Afrikaners labor for sugar plantations & mines
Southern Africa
South Africa Johannesburg 2.2 mill (gold field) Pretoria 1 mill apartheid ( apart - hate) separateness Afrikaners policy in 1948 minimize contact of ethnic groups homelands immigrant workers government- today must concentrate on keeping
control
Southern Africa
Zambia – landlocked– copper in south– Zimbabwe chrome/asbesto– steppe– 9.6 million– considerable economic potential– Independence in 1980– Malawi's core in south
Southern Africa
Mozambique – exit for Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa– cashews & coconut– 14.7% Urbanized– Independence in 1975
Southern Africa Angola conflict with South Africa in
Namibia while– fighting an insurgent state in the south– central part of it's own territory.– Oil– coffee– independence in 1975
Southern Africa Namibia
– copper, lead & zinc steppe
Lesotho– mountainous
enclave surrounded by South Africa
– poor & landlocked
Africa South of the Sahara
Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa Physical Geography of Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Historical Geography of Africa African Sub-regions
C.J. CoxInstructor
Africa South of the SaharaText Outline
Africa in the New World Order African Cultures African Natural Environments Four subregions of Africa South of the
Sahara Traditional, colonial & modern
landscapes Future Prospects
Africa South of the Sahara
Africa in the New World Order– At the extreme periphery
African Cultures– tribes & kingdoms– religious influences– colonial impacts– independence outcomes & prospects
Africa South of the Sahara
African Natural Environments– tropical climates– changing climates– ancient rocks, plateaus & rifts– ancient landscapes– forests savannas & deserts– resources– enviromental problems
soil, diseases, drought
Africa South of the Sahara
Four subregions of Africa South of the Sahara– Central Africa
countries, people,economics, politics
– Western Africa countries, people,economics, politics
– Eastern Africa countries, people,economics, politics
– Southern Africa countries, people,economics, politics
Traditional, colonial & modern landscapes Future Prospects
Africa South of the Sahara
Traditional, colonial & modern landscapes– Urban landscapes– Colonial Cities– New Cities– Rural Landscapes
– Future Prospects
Africa South of the Sahara
Future Prospects– legacy
tribal kingdoms & slavery European colonization Independence & Economic Colonialism Poor Governent & Internal Strife Population Growth Global Warming
Africa South of the Sahara
Future Prospects– Disappointments Failure of Inappropriate
Policies– False Economies of Large-Scale Projects– Currency Exchange Rates– Slow Results from Structural Adjustment
Africa South of the Sahara
Future Prospects– Disappointments
Failure of Inappropriate Policies False Economies of Large-Scale Projects Currency Exchange Rates Slow Results from Structural Adjustment
Africa South of the Sahara
Future Prospects– Basic Needs
education infrastructure Internal or external impetus
Africa South of the Sahara
African Subregions African Cultures African Natural Environments Traditional, colonial & modern
landscapes Future Prospects
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