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AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 1
AC17 Inf. 5(English only/ Solamente en inglés/ Seulement en anglais)
List of animal species used in traditional medicine(submitted by IFAW)
Family Name Scientific Name Common andPharmacopeia Name(s)
CITESAppendix
IUCN Listing Part (s)Used
MedicinalUse (s)
Alternativesand notes
Accipitridae spp.17 Hawks I/II
Accipitridae13 Aquila chrysaetoskamtschatica
Vulture / Aquilae II Bone
Accipitridae13 Circus cyaneus Sparrow Hawk / CirciCyanei
II/III Head, flesh,bone
Accipitridae23 Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur II Unspecified;whole carcass
Protectivecharm andcauses storms;great power tothe practioners
Acipenseridae13 Acipenser sinensis Chinese Sturgeon orPaddlefish / AcipenserSinensis
II Red List 2000 -EN
Fish, bladder Spleen, liver Psephurusgladius
Acipenseridae13 Huso dauricus Siberian HusoSturgeon / HusoDauricus
II Red List 2000 -EN
Fish, liver Spleen, liver
Alcedinidae13 Alcedo atthis bengalensis Kingfisher / AlcedoAtthis Bengalensis
Whole body
Anatidae13 Aix galericulata Mandarin Duck /Aicis Galericulata
Red List 1996 -LR/nt
Flesh
Anatidae13 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard / AnasPlatyrhynchos
Flesh, feather Spleen,stomach, lung,kidney
Anatidae13 Cairina moschata Muscovy Duck /Carnis CairinaMoschata
III Flesh
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
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Anatidae13 Cygnus cygnus Swan / Cygnus Fat, down Ansercygnoides, A.fabalisserrirostris
Ardeidae13 Egretta garzetta Egret / EgrettaGarzetta
III Flesh
Bovidae1 In some parts of ChinaBubalus bubalis L. (waterbuffalo) is used
Buffalo, Water Buffalo/ Calculus Bovis
Red List 2000 -EN
Gall stone Heart, Liver
Bovidae1 Saiga tatarica Saiga Antelope /Cornu Antelopis
II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Horn Heart, Liver Goat horn,CornuNaemorhedis
Bovidae13 Bos grunniens Yak / Cornu BovisGrunniens
Red List 2000 -VU
Horn Bos taurusdomesticus G.
Bovidae13 Bubalus bubalis Bull / Testis etScrotum Bovis seuBubali
Red List 2000 -EN
Testicle andscrotum
Bovidae13 Capricornis sumatraensis Serows / OsCapricornissumatraensis
Red List 2000 -VU
Bone
Bovidae13 Nemorhaedus goral Goral Mutton / AdepsGoral
Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Fat
Bovidae13 Nemorhaedus goral Goral Mutton / CarnisNaemorhedi
Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Flesh
Bovidae13 Nemorhaedus goral Goral Mutton / CornuGoral
Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Horn
Bovidae13 Nemorhaedus goral Goral Mutton / HeparGoral
Red List 2000 -LR/nt
liver
Bovidae13 Nemorhaedus goral Goral Mutton /Sanguis Naemorhedi
Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Blood Heart, liver
Bovidae13 Procapra gutturosa Mongolian Gazelle /Procapra Gutturosae
Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Mutton,horn, fat
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 3
Bovidae14 Bubalus bubalis Buffalo / CornuBubali
Red List 2000 -EN
Horn Heart and liver
Bovidae16 Bos mutus Wild Yak I Horn Cures tumorsand giveswarmth to thebody
Bovidae16 Bos mutus Wild Yak I Blood Preventdiarrhoea
Bovidae16 Saiga tatarica Saiga Antelope II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Horn Assist easybirth
Bovidae17 Bos javanicus Banteng I Red List 2000 -EN
Horn
Bovidae17 Bos Sauveli Kouprey I Red List 2000 -CR
Gall bladder
Bovidae17 Bos sauveli Kouprey I Red List 2000 -CR
Horn
Bovidae17 Bos taurus Aurochs I Bone, Gallbladder
Bovidae17 Bos taurus Aurochs I Horn
Bovidae17 Bos taurus Aurochs I
Bovidae17 Bubalus arnee Buffalo III Gall bladder
Bovidae17 Bubalus arnee Buffalo III Horn
Bovidae17 Budorcas taxicolor Takin II Red List 2000 -VU
Horn
Bovidae17 Nemorhaedus I Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Horn
Bovidae17 Nemorhaedussumatranensis
Gorals I Blood
Bovidae17 Nemorhaedussumatranensis
Gorals I Gall bladder
Bovidae17 Nemorhaedussumatranensis
Gorals I Hoof/foot
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 4
Bovidae17 Nemorhaedussumatranensis
Gorals I Horn
Bovidae17 Nemorhaedussumatranensis
Gorals I Intestine
Bovidae17 Nemorhaedussumatranensis
Gorals I Oil
Bovidae17 Nemorhaedussumatranensis
Gorals I Skin, teelth
Bovidae17 Nemorhaedussumatranensis
Gorals I Skull
Bovidae17 Saiga tatarica Saiga Antelope II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Horn
Bovidae17 Saiga tatarica Saiga Antelope II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Bovidae20,22,23 Cephalophus monticola Blue Duiker II Red List 2000 -LR/lc
Bovidae20,22,23 Sylvicapra grimmia Common Duiker Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Bovidae20,23 Cephalophus monticola Blue Duiker II Red List 2000 -LR/lc
Bovidae20,23 Raphicerus melanotis Cape Grysbok Red List 2000 -LR/cd
Bovidae20,23 Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Bovidae20,23 Tragelaphus strepsiceros Kudu Red List 2000 -LR/cd
Tail bones,pelvic girdle
Arthritis andrheumatism ofthe hip
Bovidae22 Connochaetes gnou Wildebeest Red List 2000 -LR/cd
Fat
Bovidae23 Aepyceros melampus Impala Red List 2000 -LR/cd
Bovidae23 Cephalophus natalensis Red Duiker Red List 2000 -LR/lc
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 5
Bovidae23 Neotragus moschatus Suni Red List 2000 -LR/cd
Bovidae23 Oreotragus oreatragus Klipspringer Red List 2000 -LR/cd
To treat babies
Bovidae23 Raphicerus melatonis Cape Grysbok Red List 2000 -LR/cd
Whole body Decoration
Bovidae23 Tragelaphus oryx Common Eland Red List 2000 -LR/cd
Fat; oil Charm forcattle; deterevil spirits;chest/earproblems;hunting dogcharm
Bovidae7 Bubalus bubalis Water Buffalo / Sealpenis
Red List 2000 -EN
Penis Water buffalopenis, labelledas seal penis
Bovidae8 Bubalus bubalis Water Buffalo Red List 2000 -EN
Horn Heart, Liver,Stomach
Rhinoceroshorn was theherb ofchoice forsuchconditions;butconsideringits scarcityand expense,this is thebestsubstitute
Bovidae8 Naemorhedis and spp. Antelope Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Horn Liver, heart
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 6
Bovidae9 Saiga tatarica Saiga Antelope /Cornu Saigae Tataricae
II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Horn Liver, heart Horn ofMongoliangazelle orlong-tailedMongoliangazelle
Bufonidae22,23 Bufo amatolicus Amatola Toad Red List 2000 -VU
Camelidae13 Camelus bactrianus Camel / Cameli Red List 2000 -EN
Hairs, flesh,fat,gallbladderstone
Camelidae13 Camelus bactrianus Camel / Lac Cameli Red List 2000 -EN
Milk
Canidae13 Canis lupus Wolf / Canitis Lupi Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Flesh, fat,thyroid
Canis familiarisL
Canidae13 Cuon alpinus Jackal / Cuon Alpini Red List 2000 -VU
Skin, flesh
Canidae13 Nyctereutes procyonoides Racoon Dog /NyctereutesProcyonodes
Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Flesh
Canidae13 Vulpes vulpes Fox / Vulpes Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Heart, head,meat, liver,intestine,gallbladder,feet
Other relativespecies in thesame genus
Canidae20,23 Vulpes chama Cape Fox Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Canidae22,23 Lycaon pictus African Hunting Dog,Wild Dog
Red List 2000 -EN
Fat
Canidae5 Canis lupus Wolf Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Bone Personalproblems andgeneralmedicinal
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 7
Canidae6 Canis lupus Gray Wolf / Seal penis Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Penis Gray wolflabelled asseal penis
Cercopithaecidae12 Colobus badiusrufomitratis C.B.tephhrosceles
Colobus Monkey II Red list 2000 -EN
Skin Spiritual Africa
Cercopithecidae spp.17 I/II Blood, bone,brain,excrement,gall bladder,skull
Cercopithecidae1 Macaca mulatta Rhesus Macaque /Calculus MacacaeMulattae
II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
n/a Gallbladder,Heart, Liver,Lung
Cercopithecidae13 Macaca mulatta Rhesus Macaque /Macaca Mulatta
II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Flesh, bone Heart, liver
Cercopithecidae13 Rhinopithecus roxellana Sichuan GoldenMonkey / Adeps seuCarnis Rhinopithecus
I Red List 2000 -VU
Fat and flesh
Cercopithecidae14 Macaca mulatta Rhesus macaque /Calculus MacacaeMulattae
II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Stone ingallbladder
Heart, lung,liver,gallbladder
Cercopithecidae17 Macaca mulatta Rhesus Macaque II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Cercopithecidae17 Macaca spp. Macaques II Red List 2000 -VU
Skull
Ceropithecidae20,22,23
Papio ursinus Chacma Baboon Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Bones andskin
Treatment ofarthritis,protectivecharm, courtcase charm,stickfightcharm andheadache
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 8
Cervidae13 Elaphuras davidianus Père David's Deer /Elaphuri Davidiani
Red List 2000 -CR-D
Flesh, horn,pilose antler,bone, fat
Spleen Other relativespecies
Cervidae17 Cervus eldii Thamin I Red List 2000 -VU
Antler
Cervidae17 Cervus eldii Thamin I Red List 2000 -VU
Chamaeleonidae10 various species Chameleon II Whole body Opportunisticinfections inAIDS
Phytotherapyand minerals/ Kamba,Mbeere,Rabai andDuruma
Chamaeleonidae22,23 Bradypodiondracamontanum
Drakensberg DwarfChameleon
II Whole body Preventativecharm
Chamaeleonidae22,23 Bradypodion nemorale Zululand DwarfCharmeleon
II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Whole body Preventativecharm
Chamaeleonidae22,23 Bradypodion setaroi Setaro's DwarfChameleon
II Red List 2000 -EN
Whole body Preventativecharm
Chamaeleonidae22,23 Bradypodion thamnobates Natal Midland DwarfChameleon
II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Whole body Preventativecharm
Chelonidae spp.17 I
Cheloniidae13 Caretta caretta Turtle / Caretta I Red List 2000 -EN
Blood, scaleand shell
One speciesof turtle
Cheloniidae14 Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle /CarapaxEretmochelydis
I Red List 2000 -CR
Carapace Heart, liver
Cheloniidae17 Chelonia mydas Green Turtle I Red List 2000 -EN
Egg, flesh
Cheloniidae17 Chelonia mydas Green Turtle I Red List 2000 -EN
Oil
Cheloniidae17 Chelonia mydas Green Turtle I Red List 2000 -EN
Cheloniidae17 Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle /Shell turtle
I Red List 2000 -CR
Shell
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 9
Cheloniidae17 Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle /Shell turtle
I Red List 2000 -CR
Ciconiidae13 Ciconia ciconia boyciana Stork / Ciconia I Red List 2000 -EN
Flesh, bone
Cnidaria spp17 II Dead animals
Colubridae1 Elaphe taeniurus, E. carinata, or Zaocysdhumnades
Exuviae Serpentis Skin slough Liver
Colubridae1 Zaocys dhumnades Black-Striped Snake /Zaocys Dhumnades
Liver, spleen
Colubridae13 Enhydris chinensis Chinese Water Snake /Dermis Enhydris
Skin
Colubridae13 Enhydris chinensis Chinese Water Snake /Enhydris Chinensis
Whole body
Colubridae13 Ptyas korros Indo-Chinese RatSnake / Ptyas Korros
Whole body
Colubridae13 Zaocys dhumnades Garter Snake / AdepsZaocys
Fat Elaphetaeniura, E.carinata,Nartixannuleris,Dinodonrufozonatumand Bungarusmulticinctus
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 10
Colubridae13 Zaocys dhumnades Garter Snake / DermisZaocys
Skin Elaphetaeniura, E.carinata,Nartixannuleris,Dinodonrufozonatumand Bungarusmulticinctus
Colubridae13 Zaocys dhumnades Garter Snake / FelZaocys
Gall bladder Elaphetaeniura, E.carinata,Nartixannuleris,Dinodonrufozonatumand Bungarusmulticinctus
Colubridae13 Zaocys dhumnades Garter Snake / OvumZaocys
Egg Elaphetaeniura, E.carinata,Nartixannuleris,Dinodonrufozonatumand Bungarusmulticinctus
Colubridae14 Elaphe taeniura,E. carinata orZaocys dhumnades
Periostracum Serpentis Slough Liver Slough ofElaphemoellendorffi
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 11
Colubridae14 Zaocys dhumnades Garter Snake / Zaocys Whole bodywith bowelsoff
Liver, heart Elaphetaeniura, E.carinata,Nartixannuleris,Dinodonrufozonatumand Bungarusmulticinctus
Columbidae13 Columba livia Pigeon / ColumbaLivia
III Flesh, egg Liver, kidney Columba liviadomestica,Columbarupestris
Cordylidae22,23 Cordylus giganteus Giant Girdled Lizard II Red List 2000 -VU
Protectivecharm and lovecharm
Cordylidae22,23 Cordylus tropidosternumjonesii
Tropical GirdledLizard
II
Cordylidae22,23 Cordylus warreni Warren's GirdledLizard
II Maintain loveof mate
Corvidae13 Corvus moneduladauuricus
Jackdaw / CorvusMonedula
Flesh,gallbladder
Corvidae13 Pica pica sericea Magpie / Pica Flesh Liver, kidney,yangming
Crocodylidae10 Crocodilus niloticus C.osteolaemus
Crocodile I/II Gall bladder Bewitching Phytotherapy/ Pokomo,Mbeere,Kamba
Crocodylidae13 Alligator siamensis Chinese Alligator /Alligator
I Red List 2000 -CR
Scale, flesh
Crocodylidae17 Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocodile I/II Fat, skin
Crocodylidae17 Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocodile I/II Oil
Crocodylidae17 Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocodile I/II
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 12
Crocodylidae17 Crocodylus siamensis Siamese Crocodile I Red List 2000 -CR
Dried penis
Crocodylidae3 Crocodylus niloticus Crocodile or Timsah I/II Feces Infusion offeces droppedinto eyes toimprove vision
Crocodylus spp.17 I/II "Lumpy"bone on topof head
Crocodylus spp.17 I/II Bile
Crocodylus spp.17 I/II Gall bladder
Crocodylus spp.17 I/II Teeth
Crocodylus spp.17 I/II
Delphinidae13 Delphinus delphis Dolphin / Carnis seuAdeps DelphiniDelphis
II Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Flesh, fat
Delphinidae22,23 Delphinus dephis Common Dolphin II Red List 2000 -LR/lc
Witchcraft;charm forcattle; charmfor crops;chest/eartreatment
Dugongidae17 Dugong dugon Dugong I/II Red List 2000 -VU
Teeth
Elapidae13 Naja naja Cobra / Naja II Whole body Liver, kidney
Elapidae17 Naja naja Indian Cobra II Body
Elapidae17 Naja naja Indian Cobra II Venom
Elapidae17 Naja spp. Indian Cobra II Red List 2000 -DD
Bile
Elapidae17 Naja spp. Indian Cobra II Red List 2000 -DD
Elapidae17 Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra II Bone
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 13
Elapidae17 Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra II
Elephantidae spp.17 I/II Red List 2000 -EN
Skin
Elephantidae spp.17 I/II Red List 2000 -EN
Elephantidae10 Loxodonta africana Elephant I/II Red List 2000 -EN
Tusk Spiritual Hard wood /Maasai,Laibons
Elephantidae13 Elephas maximus Indian Elephant /Elephatis
I Red List 2000 -EN
Tusk, hide,flesh, bone,gallbladder
Heart, kidney,urinarybladder, liver,spleen
Elephasafricanus
Elephantidae17 Elephas maximus Indian Elephant I Red List 2000 -EN
Bone
Elephantidae17 Elephas maximus Indian Elephant I Red List 2000 -EN
Muscle,penis, teeth,tusk, urine
Elephantidae17 Elephas maximus Indian Elephant I Red List 2000 -EN
Skin
Elephantidae17 Loxodonta africana African Elephant I/II Red List 2000 -EN
Excrement,fat, skin
Elephantidae17 Loxodonta africana African Elephant I/II Red List 2000 -EN
Elephantidae20,21,22,23
Laxodanta africana Elephant I/II Red List 2000 -EN
Fat and skin Buildingstrength inweak anddeficientpatients
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 14
Elephantidae20,21,22,23
Loxodonta africana Elephant I/II Red List 2000 -EN
Skin, jawboneand gallstones
Strengthenastheticpatients, attractluck and treatbarren women,love charm,charm forcattle
Elephantidae3 Loxodonta africana Elephant or Fil I/II Red List 2000 -EN
Ivory Ivory powderis applied totreat whitlow.
Emydidae17 Kachuga tecta Indian Roofel Turtle I Shell
Emydidae2 Malaclemys terrapin Terrapin Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Flesh Spiritual S. Africa
Equidae10 Equus burchelli Burchell's Zebra Red List 2000 -EX
Fat Pneumonia,asthma andcold
Phytotherapy/ Pokot andTurkana
Equidae10 Equus grevyi Grevy Zebra I Red List 2000 -EN
Fat Pneumonia,asthma andcold
Phytotherapy/ Pokot andTurkana
Equidae13 Equus przewalskii Wild Horse / CarnisEqui
I Red List 2000 -EW
Flesh
Equidae23 Equus burchelli Burchell's Zebra Red List 2000 -EX
Protectivecharm andmentaldisorders
Equidae23 Equus zebra zebra Cape Mountain Zebra I Red List 2000 -EN
Fat Protectivecharm, mentaldisorders
Erinaceidae11 Erinaceus europaeus Hedgehog Red List 1997 -LR/lc
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 15
Erinaceidae14 Erinaceus europaeus,Hemiechianus dauricus orH. auritus
Hedgehog / CoriumErimacei SeuHemiechianus
Red List 1997 -LR/lc(Erinaceuseuropaeus)
Skin Stomach, largeintestine,kidney
Erinaceidae14 Erinaceus europaeus, Hemiechianus dauricus orH. auritus
Hedgehog / FelHemiechianus
Red List 1997 -LR/lc(Erinaceuseuropaeus)
Driedgallbladder
Liver
Erinaceidae19 Erinaceus europaeus Hedgehog or Kirpi Red List 1997 -LR/lc
Meat Used to treattuberculosisandhemorrhoids.
Erinaceidae20,23 Atelerix frontalis Hedgehog Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Keep evilspirits away
Falconidae18 Falco tinnunculus Falcon II Eggs Sorcery Kikuyu
Felidae spp.17 I/II Bone
Felidae spp.17 I/II Oil
Felidae spp.17 I/II
Felidae1 Panthera tigris Tiger / Os Tigris I Red List 2000 -EN
Bone Liver, kidney Leopard - OsLeopardisdog bone -Os Canis
Felidae10 Ancinonyx jubatus Cheetah I Red List 2000 -VU
Skin Spiritual Othercarnivores /Most witchdoctors in E.Africa
Felidae10 Panthera leo Lion II Red List 2000 -VU
Feces Preventive Othercarnivores /Kamba,Mbeere
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 16
Felidae10 Panthera leo Lion II Red List 2000 -VU
Skin Spiritual Othercarnivores /Most witchdoctors in E.Africa
Felidae10 Panthera pardus Leopard I Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Skin Spiritual Othercarnivores /Most witchdoctors in E.Africa
Felidae13 Panthera pardus Leopard / Pardi I Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Flesh, bone Liver, kidney Panthera uncia,Neofelisnebulosa
Felidae13 Panthera tigris Tiger / Tigris I Red List 2000 -EN
Teeth, tripe,dried bones,kidney,gallbladder,fat, eye,sinew, nail,meat
Liver, kidney Pantherapardus
Felidae17 Panthera leo Lion II Red List 2000 -VU
Bone
Felidae17 Panthera leo Lion II Red List 2000 -VU
Fat
Felidae17 Panthera leo Lion II Red List 2000 -VU
Felidae17 Panthera pardus Leopard I Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Bone
Felidae17 Panthera pardus Leopard I Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Fat
Felidae17 Panthera pardus Leopard I Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Heart
Felidae17 Panthera pardus Leopard I Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Skin
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 17
Felidae17 Panthera pardus Leopard I Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Felidae17 Panthera tigris Tiger I Red List 2000 -EN
Bone
Felidae17 Panthera tigris Tiger I Red List 2000 -EN
Bone paste
Felidae17 Panthera tigris Tiger I Red List 2000 -EN
Bone powder
Felidae17 Panthera tigris Tiger I Red List 2000 -EN
Gall bladder
Felidae17 Panthera tigris Tiger I Red List 2000 -EN
Penis
Felidae17 Panthera tigris Tiger I Red List 2000 -EN
Teeth
Felidae17 Panthera tigris Tiger I Red List 2000 -EN
Felidae20,21,23 Panthera pardus Leopard I Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Stick fightcharm; courtcase charm sndprotectivecharm
Felidae21,22,23 Panthera leo Lion II Red List 2000 -VU
Fat Terrorisingpeople
Felidae23 Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah I Red List 2000 -VU
Fat Hunting dogcharm
Felidae23 Leptailurus serval Serval II Red List LR/lc Skin
Felidae3 Panthera leo Lion or Assad II Red List 2000 -VU
Fat Fat is smearedon the chest torelieve pain.
Felidae3 Panthera pardus Tiger or Nimr I Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Fat Fat is appliedexternally totreat paralysis.
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 18
Felidae9 Panthera tigris Tiger / Os Tigris I Red List 2000 -EN
Dried bones Liver, kidney Dried bonesof Pantherapardus
Galagonidae23 Galago moholi Mohol Galago II Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Charm for loveand athletes,fits, stop babiescrying
Giraffidae10 Giraffa camelopardalis Reticulated Giraffe Red List 2000 -LR/cd
Tail Headache Phytotherapy/ Mbeere
Giraffidae22 Girraffa camelopardalis Giraffe Red List 2000 -LR/cd
Fat;unspecified
Mixed withherbs andcures differentdiseases; loveand protectivecharm
Gruidae13 Grus japonensis Red-crowned Crane /Grus Japonensis
I Red List 2000 -EN
Flesh, bone,brain
Hippopotamidae17 Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotomus II Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Fat
Hippopotamidae17 Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotomus II Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Hippopotamidae22 Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotamus II Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Fat,unspecified
Confersstrength andpower; lovecharm andcattle charm
Hyaenidae18 Crocuta crocuta Hyena Spotted Red List 2000 -LR/cd
Blood Pneumonia Phytotherapy/ Venda of S.Africa andZimbabwe
Hyaenidae18 Hyaena hyaena Hyena Striped Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Blood Pneumonia Phytotherapy/ Venda of S.Africa andZimbabwe
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 19
Hyaenidae20,23 Proteles cristatus Aardwolf III Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Hyaenidae22 Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena Red List 2000 -LR/cd
Fat, eyebrow;hair/skin;gland paste
Induce sleep;emetic; sorcery
Hydrophiidae13 Laticauda semifasciata Laticauda Semifasciata Whole body Erabu-unagi
Hystricidae spp.17 Old-world Porcupines III Intestine,stomach, tail
Hystricidae spp.17 Old-world Porcupines III Quill
Hystricidae10 Hystrix cristata Porcupine Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Quill Spiritual Rabai,Duruma
Hystricidae17 Hystrix brachyura B. Malayan Porcupine II Red List 2000 -VU
Quill
Hystricidae2 Hystrix cristata Porcupine Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Quill Spiritual
Hystricidae20,22,23 Hystrix africaeaustralis South African CrestedPorcupine
Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Quills;unspecified
Prick the kneesand feet of lazychildren;
Lutrinae spp.17 I/II Bladder
Lutrinae spp.17 I/II Liver
Lutrinae spp.17 I/II Sexual organs
Lutrinae spp.17 I/II Teelth
Manidae spp.17 Pangolin II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Scales
Manidae1 Manis pentadactyla Pangolin / SquamaManitis Pentadactylae
II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Scales Liver, stomach
Manidae17 Manis javanica Malayan Pangolin II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Manidae17 Manis javanica Malayan Pangolin II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Scales
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 20
Manidae17 Manis pentadactyla Chinese Pangolin II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Scales
Manidae17 Manis pentadactyla Chinese Pangolin II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Manidae17 Manis temminckii Temminck's GroundPangolin
II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Scales
Manidae23 Manis temminckii Cape Pangolin II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Scales andblood
Cure for heartproblems,good luckcharm,rainmaking andto protectagainst badomens andbullets
Manidae23 Manis temminckii Cape Pangolin II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Scales Nosebleeds;rheumatism;love portion;providesstrength to thehealer
Manidae9 Manis pentadactyla Pangolin / SquamaManitis
II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Scales Liver, stomach
Manis spp.17 II
Manis spp.17 II Scales
Monodontidae17 Monodon monoceros Narwhal II Red List 2000 -DD
Teeth
Moschidae1 Moschus moschiferus or M.berezovskii
Musk Deer / SecretioMoschus
I/II Red List 2000 -VU
Navel glandsecretions
Heart, Spleen,Liver
Moschidae17 Moschus berezovskii Dwarf Musk Deer II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Pod/gland
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 21
Moschidae17 Moschus berezovskii Dwarf Musk Deer II Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Moschidae17 Moschus moschiferus Siberian Musk Deer II Red List 2000 -VU
Musk
Moschidae17 Moschus moschiferus Siberian Musk Deer II Red List 2000 -VU
Pod/gland
Moschidae17 Moschus moschiferus Siberian Musk Deer II Red List 2000 -VU
Pod/gland
Moschidae17 Moschus moschiferus Siberian Musk Deer II Red List 2000 -VU
Moschidae3 Moschus moschiferus Musk Deer or Al-ail II Red List 2000 -VU
Musk Musk is usedextensively inthemanufacturingof Sudaneseperfume. Muskis spread onthe body torelieve painand tomoisturizeskin.
Moschidae5 Moschus moschiferus Musk Deer II Red List 2000 -VU
Musk Used to treatheadaches,blood/sugardisfunctions
Moschidae9 Moschus berezovskii, M. chrysogaster, M. moschiferus or M. sifanicus
Musk Deer / Moschus I/II Red List 2000 -VU
Driedsecretionobtainedfrom malemusk gland
Heart andspleen
Moschus spp.17 I/II Mush pod
Moschus spp.17 I/II Musk gland
Moschus spp.17 I/II Pod/gland
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 22
Moschus spp.17 I/II Pod/gland
Moschus spp.17 I/II
Muridae13 Rattus norvegicus Brown Rat / OletumRatti Norvegici
Red List 2000 -LR/lc
Feces Liver, kidney,large intestine
Muridae13 Rattus norvegicus Mouse / Mus Red List 2000 -LR/lc
Flesh orwhole body,skin, liver,gallbladder,kidney, fat
Liver Rattus rattus,Rattusflavipectus
Muridae13 Rhizomys sinensis Bamboo Rat /Rhizomys Sinensis
Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Flesh, teeth,fat
Muscicapidae13 Turdus merulamandarinus
Blackbird / Turdusmerula mandarinus
Flesh Ouzel
Mustelidae13 Lutra lutra Otter / Lutrae I Red List 2000 -VU
Flesh, liver,bone,gallbladder,feet, skin andfur
Liver, kidney Aonyx cinerea
Mustelidae13 Martes zibellina Sable / Cauda MartesZibellina
Red List 2000 -DD
Tail or fur
Mustelidae13 Meles meles Badger / Meles Red List 2000 -LR/lc
Flesh, fat Spleen
Mustelidae13 Mustela sibirica Yellow Weasel /Carnis Mustela
III Flesh
Mustelidae17 Lutra lutra European Otter I Red List 2000 -VU
Mustelidae22 Mellivora capensis Honey Badger III Fat
Mustelidae23 Mellivora capensis Honey Badger III Hunting dogand protectivecharm
Nycticebus spp.17 II Red List 2000 -DD
Bone
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 23
Otaridae20,22,23 Arctocephalus pusillus Cape Fur Seal II Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Fat and head Chest and earinfections andprotectivecharm
Otariidae1 Callorhinus ursinus Northern Fur Seal /Testes et Penis Otariae
Red List 2000 -VU
Penis Kidney, Liver
Otariidae13 Callorhinus ursinus Northern Fur Seal /Testis et PenisCallorhini
Red List 2000 -VU
Testis , penis Liver, kidney Phoca vitulina
Otariidae17 Arctocephalus pusillus Cape Fur Seal II Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Fat
Otariidae17 Arctocephalus pusillus Cape Fur Seal II Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Genitalia
Otariidae17 Arctocephalus pusillus Cape Fur Seal II Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Penis
Otariidae20,23 Arctocephalus pusillus Cape Fur Seal II Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Fat
Otariidae7 Arctocephalus australus Southern Fur Seal /Seal penis
II Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Penis
Otariidae7 Arctocephalus pusillus Southern Fur Seal /Seal penis
II Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Penis
Otariidae7 Callorhinus ursinus Northern fur seal /Seal penis
Red List 2000 -VU
Penis
Otariidae9 Callorhinus ursinus Penis et TestesCallorhini
Red List 2000 -VU
Dried penisand testes
Liver, kidney
Otididae13 Otis tarda Great Bustard, CarnisOtis Tarda Dybowskii
II Red List 2000 -VU
Flesh
Phasianidae13 Chrysolophus pictus Golden Pheasant /Chrysolophus Pictus
Red List 1996 -LR/nt
Flesh
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 24
Phasianidae13 Phasianus colchicus Common Pheasant /Phasiana
Flesh orwhole body,liver, tailfeathers,brain
Heart, stomach
Phasianidae13 Syrmaticus reevesii Reeve's Pheasant /Syrmaticus Reevesii
Red list 2000 -VU
Flesh
Phasianidae17 Pavo muticus Green Peafowl II Red list 2000 -VU
"End"feather, gallbladder, stockof tail feather
Phocidae13 Phoca vitulina Common Seal / AdepsPhocae Vitulinae
Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Fat
Physeteridae13 Physeter catodon Sperm Whale / AmbraGrisea
I Red list 2000 -VU
Ambergris
Physeteridae17 Physeter catodon Sperm Whale I Red list 2000 -VU
Ambergris
Physeteridae17 Physeter catodon Sperm Whale I Red list 2000 -VU
Physeteridae3 Physeter catodon Sperm Whale or El-Hoot
I Red list 2000 -VU
Ambergris Blood tonic
Physeteridae5 Physeter catodon Sperm Whale I Red list 2000 -VU
Ambergris Used toreinforcepotency,kidneys and forgeneral health
Picidae13 Picus canus Gray HeadedWoodpecker / PicusCanus
Flesh orwhole body
Dendrocoposmajor
Platysterninae13 Platysternonmegacephalum
Big-Headed Turtle /PlatysternonMegacephalum
Red List 2000 -EN
Whole body
Primates spp.17 Primates I/II Bone
Primates spp.17 Primates I/II Gall stone
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 25
Primates spp.17 Primates I/II Skull
Primates spp.17 Primates I/II
Procaviidae23 Dendrohyrax arboreus Tree Hyrax Red List 2000 -VU
Whole body Witchcraft;charm forcattle; charmfor crops;chest/eartreatment
Psittacidae13 Psittacula alexandrifasciata
Red-breasted Parrot /Psittacula AlexandriFasciata
II Flesh Other relativespecies in thesame genus
Pteroclididae17 Pteropus spp. Flying Foxes I/II Excrement
Pteroclididae17 Pteropus spp. Flying Foxes I/II Heart
Pteroclididae17 Pteropus spp. Flying Foxes I/II Liver
Pythonidae10 Pythoinae regius Python II Oil Dermatitis chaseevil spirit
Phytotherapy/ Rabai ofKenya
Pythonidae13 Python molurus bivittatus Boa snake / Python I/II Gallbladder,fat, flesh
Liver, spleen
Pythonidae17 Python molurus Indian Python I/II
Pythonidae17 Python reticulatus Regal Python II Blood
Pythonidae17 Python reticulatus Regal Python II
Pythonidae17 Python sebae African Python II Backbone
Pythonidae17 Python sebae African Python II Bone
Pythonidae17 Python sebae African Python II Fat
Pythonidae17 Python sebae African Python II Skin
Pythonidae17 Python sebae African Python II
Pythonidae17 Python spp. Pythons I/II Bone
Pythonidae17 Python spp. Pythons I/II Gall bladder
Pythonidae17 Python spp. Pythons I/II Oil
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 26
Pythonidae17 Python spp. Pythons I/II
Pythonidae20,21,22,23 Python sebae Python II Skin Sexuallytransmitteddiseases andbackache
Rallidae13 Rallus aquaticus Water Rail / RallusAquaticus
Flesh Corncrake
Rhinocerotidae1 most commonly the Asianspecies Rhinocerosunicornis, R. sondaicus, orR. sumatrensis are used;sometimes the Africanspecies R. simus or R.bicornis are used
Rhinoceros / CornuRhinoceri
I Horn Heart, Liver,Stomach
Water buffalo(horn) -Cornu Bubali
Rhinocerotidae10 Ceratotherium simum White Rhinoceros I Red List 2000 -LR/cd
Horn Male virility Phytotherapy/ Somalis,Bajunis,Arabs
Rhinocerotidae10 Diceros bicornis Black Rhinoceros I Red List 2000 -CR
Horn Male virility Phytotherapy/ Somalis,Bajunis,Arabs
Rhinocerotidae15 Rhinoceros spp. Rhinoceros / CornuRhinocerotis
I Horn Heart, Liver,Stomach
Rhinocerotidae16 Rhinoceros I Horn Dries pus andpurifies blood
Rhinocerotidae16 Rhinoceros I Skin Smallpox
Rhinocerotidae17 Ceratotherium simumcottoni
White Rhinoceros I Red List 2000 -CR
Horn
Rhinocerotidae17 Diceros bicornis Black Rhinoceros I Red List 2000 -CR
Rhinocerotidae17 Rhinoceros unicornis Indian Rhinoceros I Horn
Rhinocerotidae17 Rhinocerotidae spp. I/II Blood
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 27
Rhinocerotidae17 Rhinocerotidae spp. I/II Horn
Rhinocerotidae17 Rhinocerotidae spp. I/II Muscle, skin,teeth, toe
Rhinocerotidae17 Rhinocerotidae spp. I/II
Rhinocerotidae22,23 Diceros bicornis Black Rhinoceros I Red List 2000 -CR
Hair, horn Sustainwounds duringthe battle
Sciuridae1 Trogopterus xanthipesMilne-Edwards or Pteromysxanthotis Milne-Edwards
Flying Squirrel /ExcrementumTrogopteri seuPteromi
Red List 2000 -EN
Feces Liver, spleen In parts ofsouthernChina thefeces ofPetauristaxanthotis areused locallyas a substitute
Sciuridae13 Sciurus vulgaris Red Squirrel / SciurusVulgaris
Red List 2000 -LR/nt
Whole body
Sciuridae14 Trogopterus xanthipes ExcrementumTrogopterori
Red List 2000 -EN
Feces Liver feces ofPetauristaxanthotis, P.petaurista, P.elegans, P.yunnanensis, P.alborutus,Belomyspearsoni,Hylopetesalboniger,Pteromys volansand Aeretesmelanopterus /Trogopterusdung
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 28
Scolopacidae13 Tringa totanus Redshank / Tringa Flesh Other relativespecies in thesame genus /snipe
Spheniscidae23 Spheniscus demersus African Penguin II Red List 2000 -VU
Spheniscidae23 Tauraco corythaix Helmeted Turaco II
Strigidae13 Glaucidium cuculoides Cuckoo Owlet /Carnis GlaucidiiCuculoidis
II Flesh
Struthionidae23 Struthio camelus Ostrich I
Suidae20,23 Phacochoerus aethiopicus Cape Warthog Red List 2000 -EX
Syngnathidae1 Hippocampus histrix Seahorse /Hippocampus
Red List 2000 -VU
Whole body Kindney, Liver
Syngnathidae1 Hippocampus kelloggi Seahorse /Hippocampus
Whole body Kindney, Liver
Syngnathidae1 Hippocampustrimaculatus
Seahorse /Hippocampus
Red List 2000 -VU
Whole body Kindney, Liver
Syngnathidae14 Hippocampus histrix Seahorse /Hippocampus
Red List 2000 -VU
Whole body Kidney Whole bodyof H.coronatus
Syngnathidae14 Hippocampus japonicus Seahorse /Hippocampus
Red List 2000 -VU
Whole body Kidney Whole bodyof H.coronatus
Syngnathidae14 Hippocampus kelloggi Seahorse /Hippocampus
Whole body Kidney Whole bodyof H.coronatus
Syngnathidae14 Hippocampus kuda Seahorse /Hippocampus
Red List 2000 -VU
Whole body Kidney Whole bodyof H.coronatus
Syngnathidae14 Hippocampustrimaculatus
Seahorse /Hippocampus
Red List 2000 -VU
Whole body Kidney Whole bodyof H.coronatus
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 29
Testudinidae1 Chinemys reevesii Reeve's Turtle /Plastrum Testudinis
Red List 2000 -EN
Turtle shell Heart, Kidney,Liver
Testudinidae13 Chinemys reevesii Reeve's Turtle /Testudinis
Red List 2000 -EN
Flesh, blood,glue oftortoiseplastron, bile
Cuoraamboinensis,Testudoelongata,Mauremysmutica, Testudoimpressa,Clemmys bealei
Testudinidae17 Geochelone elegans Star Tortoise II Shell
Testudinidae17 Geochelone pardalis Leopard Tortoise II Shell
Testudinidae9 Chinemys reevesii Reeve's Turtle /Carapax et PlastrumTestudinis
Red List 2000 -EN
Driedplastron
Liver, kidneyand heart
Plastrons ofCuoraamboinensis,Testudoelongata,Mauremysmutica,Testudoimpressa,Clemmysbealei
Thryonomyidae23 Thryonomys swinderianus Cane Rat Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Love charm;good luckcharm andpregnancytreatment
Tridacnidae13 Tridacna squamosa Fluted Clam / ConchaTridacna Squamosa
II Red list 2000LR/cd
Shell Tridacnacookiana andother relativespecies in thesame genus
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 30
Trionychidae13 Pelochelys bibroni Giant Soft-shelledTurtle / Pelochelys
Red List 2000 -VU
Shell, flesh,fat,gallbladder
Ursidae spp. (excludingAliuropodamelanoleuca)17
I/II Gall bladder
Ursidae spp.17 I/II Bile
Ursidae spp.17 I/II Bone
Ursidae spp.17 I/II Bones of thehand
Ursidae spp.17 I/II Gall bladder
Ursidae spp.17 I/II Hair
Ursidae spp.17 I/II Teeth
Ursidae1 Ursus arctos Brown Bear / VesicaFellea Ursi
I Red List 2000 -VU
Gall bladder Gallbladder,Heart, Liver
Cowgallbladder -Vesica FelleaBovus
Ursidae1 Ursus thibetanus Brown Bear / VesicaFellea Ursi
I Red List 2000 -VU
Gall bladder Gallbladder,Heart, Liver
Cowgallbladder -Vesica FelleaBovus
Ursidae17 Helarctos malayanus Sun Bear I Red List 2000 -DD
Gall bladder
Ursidae17 Helarctos malayanus Sun Bear I Red List 2000 -DD
Ursidae17 Melursus ursinus Sloth Bear I Red List 2000 -VU
Gall
Ursidae17 Ursus americanus American Black Bear II Gall bladder
Ursidae17 Ursus americanus American Black Bear II
Ursidae17 Ursus arctos Brown Bear I/II Red List 2000 -VU
Gall bladder
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 31
Ursidae17 Ursus arctos Brown Bear I/II Red List 2000 -VU
Ursidae17 Ursus thibetanus Asiatic Black Bear I Red List 2000 -VU
Gall
Ursidae17 Ursus thibetanus Asiatic Black Bear I Red List 2000 -VU
Gall bladder
Ursidae17 Ursus thibetanus Asiatic Black Bear I Red List 2000 -VU
Ursidae4 Ursus arctos Brown Bear I Red List 2000 -VU
Bear gall Abdominaltumors;abdominal paindue toobstruction orbad foodintake; crampsin neck andback; chestpains;unsuccesfulurge to vomit;irritability;insanity;intermittentfever (malaria-like state);diarrhea. Killsparasite insects,stops vomiting,diffusessmallpox. Alsoused to treatchildren'snervousbreakdowns,convulsions,stomach ache
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 32
duringpregnancy,abdominal painafter childbirth,produce laborpains. Clearsblurred eyes,stops pain ofhemorrhoids.Restoresvitality and ridsimpuritiesfrom body.
Ursidae9 Ursus arctos Brown Bear / Fel Ursi I Red List 2000 -VU
Driedgallbladder
Liver,gallbladder andheart
Ursidae9 Ursus thibetanus Bear / Fel Ursi I Red List 2000 -VU
Driedgallbladder
Liver,gallbladder andheart
Varanidae17 Varanus spp. II Oil
Varanidae17 Varanus spp. II
Veranidae22,23 Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor II Fat;unspecified
Cure earache inchildren;witchcraft andskin problems
Veranidae23 Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor II
Vespertilionidae1 Vespertilio murinus Parti-colored Bat /ExcrementumVespertilionis Murini
Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Feces Liver
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 33
Vespertilionidae13 Vespertilio superans Parti-colored Bat /Vespertilio
Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Whole body Liver Pipistrellusabramus,Plecotus auritus,Rhinolophusferrum equinumand otherrelative species
Vespertilionidae14 Vespertilio superans Parti-colored Bat /ExcrementumVespertilionis
Red List 1996 -LR/lc
Feces Liver Feces of mostspecies inVespertilio
Viperidae17 Crotalus durissus Neo-tropicalRattlesnake
III Fresh/driedvenom
Viperidae17 Crotalus durissus Neo-tropicalRattlesnake
III
Viverridae13 Viverra zibetha Civet / Carnis Viverraseu Viverricula
III Meat Viverriculaindica
Viverridae13 Viverra zibetha Civet / SecretiumViverra seu Viverricula
III Secretion Viverriculaindica
Viverridae20,23 Genetta genetta Small Spotted Genet Red List 2000 -VU
Viverridae23 Genetta genetta Small Spotted Genet Red List 2000 -VU
Skin Protectionagainst sorcery,TMP clinicornament
Cercopithecusalbogularis17
II
Heloderma horridum17 Beaded Lizard II Dried venom
Hirudo medicinalis17 II Body
Hirudo medicinalis17 II
Indotestudo elongata17 II Shell
Manouria impressa17 II Shell
Morenia ocellata17 I Shell
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 34
Pangasianodon gigas17 I Gall bladder,pectoal spine
Testudinidae spp.17 I/II
Testudinidae spp.17 I/II Shell
Uromastyx aegypitus17 II Extract fromlive animals
References
1. Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica Revised Edition, Dan Bensky and Andrew Gamble with Ted Kaptchuk, Eastland Press, 1993,Seattle
2 Edinburg, T.L. (1998) Traditional Medicines of South Africa, The Pharmaceutical Journal, Volume 261, No. 7007, Pages 242-244
3. El-Kamali, H.H., 2000. Folk medicine use of some animal products in Central Sudan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72, 279-282.
4. KAMPO, How the Japanese Updated Traditional Herbal Medicine, Akira Tsumura , Japan Publications, Inc., 1991, Tokyo and New York,Page 166-167
5. Lev, E., Amar Z., 2000. Ethnopharmacological survey of traditional drugs sold in Israel at the end of the 20th century. Journal ofEthnopharmacology 72, 191-205.
6. Pinniped penises in the marketplace: a progress report. D. Lavigne, P.J. Wilson, R.J. Smith, B.N. White, Working Paper 3.3, MolecularIdentification of Cetaceans workshop, 14-16 June 1999. La Jolla, California.
7. Pinniped penises in trade: a molecular-genetic investigation, S. Malik, P.J. Wilson, R.J. Smith, D.M. Lavigne, B.N. White, ConservationBiology 11(6), Pages 1365-1374.
8. Planetary Herbology, An Integration of Western Herbs Into The Traditional Chines And Ayurvedic Systems, Dr. Michael Tierra, C.A., N.D.,O.M.D., Lotus Press, 1988, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin
9. Rare Chinese Materia Medica, Zhang Enqin et al., 1991, Shanghai
10. S.J. Muchina Munyua, 2001
11. Sesik, E., Yesilada, E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Takeda, Y., Tanaka, T. 2001. Traditional Medicine in Turkey. Folk medicine in CentralAnatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 75, 95-115.
AC
17 Inf. 5 –
p. 35
12. Swantz, L (1990). The Medicine Man: Among the Zaramo of Dar-es-salaam, Scandanavia Institute of African Studies and Dar-es-salaamUniversity Press, Pages 34 and 134
13. The Chinese Materia Medica Dictionary, Jiangsu New Medical College, 2000, Shanghai
14. The Chinese Materia Medica, Xu Guojun, He Hongxian, Xu Luoshan & Jing Rongluan, 1996, Beijing
15. The Chinese Materia Medica, Zhang Enqin et al., 1996, Shanghai
16. Tibetan Medicine, the Ven. Rechung Rinpoche Jampal Kunzang, University of California Press, 1973, Berkeley and Los Angeles, Page 71 -72
17. TRAFFIC, Doc. AC.15.11, February 1999
18. Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M. G. (1962), The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa, 2nd Edition, PublisherE and Livingstone LTD, Edinburg and London, UK
19. Yesilada, E., Sezik E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Takeda, Y., Tanaka, T. 1999. Traditional Medicine in Turkey IX: Folk medicine in north-westAnatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 64, 195-210.
20. Simelane, T.S.and Kerley G.I.H., 1998, Conservation implications of the use of vertebrates by Xhosa traditional healers in South Africa inSouth African Wildlife
21. Mzimela T., 1995. The muthi business.Indicator South Africa.12(2)
22. Pujol, J. 1993. NaturAfrica. The Herbalist Handbook. African Flora, Medicinal Plants. Pp 25-28. Jean Pujol Natural HealersFoundation.Durban
23. TRAFFIC International, Searching for a Cure, Conservation of Medicinal Wildlife Resources in East and Southern Africa, Marshall, Nina T.,1998
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