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Chapter 9
Key Ideas•
•
•
•
The Second Great AwakeningThe Second Great Awakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within”
[Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States.
-- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832
The Rise of Popular ReligionThe Rise of Popular Religion
The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.
Charles G. Finney(1792 – 1895)
Charles G. Finney(1792 – 1895)
“soul-shaking” conversion
Converted had a duty to spread the word about personal salvation evangelism
Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting
Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting
“The Benevolent Empire”1825 - 1846
“The Benevolent Empire”1825 - 1846
Second Great Awakening
TranscendentalismTranscendentalism
• Philosophical and literary movement
• Emphasized
•
•
•
•
• “Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe
Transcendentalist ThinkingTranscendentalist Thinking
Man must acknowledge a body of moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof:
1.
2.
3.
Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers
Concord, MA
Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers
Concord, MA
Ralph WaldoEmerson
Ralph WaldoEmerson
Henry DavidThoreau
Henry DavidThoreau
Nature(1832) Walden
(1854)
Resistance to Civil
Disobedience(1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
“The American Scholar”
(1837)
The Transcendentalist AgendaThe Transcendentalist Agenda
• Their pursuit of the ideal led to a distorted view of humannature and possibilities: * The Blithedale Romance
A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-
1864)
A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-
1864)
• One should accept the world as an imperfect place: * Scarlet Letter * House of the Seven Gables
Utopian CommunitiesUtopian Communities
The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848
The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848
John Humphrey Noyes
(1811-1886)
Millenarianism the 2nd
coming of Christ had already occurred Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past• all residents
married to each other• carefully regulated “free love”
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Utopian Socialist
“Village of Cooperation”
Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
Proposal by Owen
New Harmony in 1832
New Harmony, IN
New Harmony, IN
New Harmony lasted from 1825-1829
Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement
• Both the Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalist Movement led to the Abolitionist Movement
How to end slavery?
How to end slavery?
Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement•Until 1820s most abolitionists advocated resettlement
•1816 created
Member certificate to American Colonization Society
“Here I have dwelt until I am nearly sixty years of age, and have brought up and educated a family…Yet some ingenious
gentlemen have recently discovered that I am still an African; that a continent three thousand miles, and more, from the place where I was born, is my native country. And I am advised to go home…Perhaps if I should only be set on the shore of that distant land, I should recognize all I might see there, and run at once to the old
hut where my forefathers lived a hundred years ago.”
Anti-Slavery AlphabetAnti-Slavery Alphabet
William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
The LiberatorThe Liberator
Premiere issue January 1, 1831
The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!
Other White AbolitionistsOther White Abolitionists
Lewis Tappan
Arthur Tappan
James Birney
• Liberty Party• Ran for President
in 1840 & 1844
Black AbolitionistsBlack Abolitionists
David Walker(1785-1830)
1829 Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass published “The North Star”
Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)
or Isabella Baumfree
Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)
or Isabella Baumfree
The Narrative of Sojourner Truth
Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)
“Moses”
The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad• “Conductor” ==== leader of the
escape
• “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves
• “Tracks” ==== routes
• “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves
• “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep
Turner’s Rebellion
• • Led by Nat Turner• Virginia• 55-65 whites killed in the revolt• 200+ blacks killed
– 56 executed (including Turner)– 100-200 killed by militias and mobs
• Results:–
Slave Owners Defend Slavery
Penitentiary ReformPenitentiary Reform
Dorothea Dix(1802-1887)
1821 first penitentiary foundedin Auburn, NY
R1-5/7
Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
Temperance MovementTemperance Movement
Frances WillardThe Beecher Family
1826 - American Temperance Society
“Demon Rum”!
R1-6
Annual Consumption of AlcoholAnnual Consumption of Alcohol
From the first glass to the grave, 1846
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
Educational ReformEducational Reform
Religious Training Secular Education
MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.
By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.
“Father of American Education”
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials children should be “molded” into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishment established state teacher- training programs
R3-6
The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
Used religious parables to teach “American values”Teach middle class morality and respect for orderTeach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality,
hard work, sobriety) R3-8
Early 19c WomenEarly 19c Women
Women EducatorsWomen Educators• Troy, NY Female Seminary• Curriculum: math, physics, history, geography• Train female teachers
Emma Willard(1787-1870)
Mary Lyons(1797-1849)
• 1837 • Mt. Holyoke (College)
•first college for women
Prudence Crandall(1803-1890)
• 1831•Opened school for girls
• 1834 •Opened school for African-American girls
“Separate Spheres” Concept
“Separate Spheres” Concept“Cult of
Domesticity”• •
• An 1830s MA minister:The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!
Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society
Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké
• Southern Abolitionists• Ran a school for females
Lucy Stone
• American Women’sSuffrage Assoc.
• Edited Woman’s Journal
Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights1840 split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it
London World Anti-Slavery Convention
female delegates denied right to attend convention
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1848
Seneca Falls DeclarationSeneca Falls Declaration
What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own
Way!
What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own
Way!
Industry Changes Work
• Production moved from home to factory– Cottage industry and artisans Factory
system
Farm to Factory
• Lowell workforce almost entirely unmarried farm girls– 90% of workers in 1828– 80% under age 30
• 1834 first strike at Lowell– 15% pay cut– Spindles and looms had been tripled, but workers only increased
50%– Workers returned, leaders fired
• 1836 second strike at Lowell– Boarding rates increased = 12.5% pay cut– Twice as many women went on strike– Company fired leaders– Most workers then returned to jobs
Workers Seek Better Conditions
• 1830s and 1840s– 1-2% of workers were unionized– Dozens of strikes
• Usually for higher wages/shorter workdays
– Workers usually lost• Strikebreakers hired
– Usually immigrants who had fled even greater poverty
Immigration
• 1830-1860 dramatic increase in immigration– Largest groups were
• •
– Faced discrimination
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