Chapter 7. Key Topics The Major alignment and division among Americans during the Am. Rev.The Major...

Chapter 7Chapter 7

Key TopicsKey Topics

• The Major alignment and The Major alignment and division among Americans division among Americans during the Am. Rev.during the Am. Rev.

• Major military campaignsMajor military campaigns• Articles of Confederation and Articles of Confederation and

the role of the Confederation the role of the Confederation Congress during the warCongress during the war

• The states as the setting for The states as the setting for significant political changesignificant political change

BritainBritain AmericansAmericans

AdvantagesAdvantages ?? ??

DisadvantagDisadvantageses ?? ??

On the Eve of the On the Eve of the Revolution ?Revolution ?

Loyalists vs. PatriotLoyalists vs. Patriot

• Who were the Loyalists and why Who were the Loyalists and why did they not support the did they not support the Revolution?Revolution?

• How did the British use them?How did the British use them?• How did the Patriots misuse them?How did the Patriots misuse them?• Were the Patriots justified in using Were the Patriots justified in using

harsh measures against their harsh measures against their fellow citizens just because they fellow citizens just because they disagreed with them?disagreed with them?

LoyalistLoyalist

StrongholdStrongholdss

Washington’s HeadachesWashington’s Headaches

Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].

State/colony loyalties.

Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.

Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben].

Exports & Imports: 1768-Exports & Imports: 1768-17831783

Military StrategiesMilitary Strategies

Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].

Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]

Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.

The American

s

The British

Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.

Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.

“Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.

Phase IPhase I:: The Northern The Northern CampaignCampaign[1775-1776][1775-1776]

Bunker Hill (June, 1775)Bunker Hill (June, 1775)

The British suffered over 40% casualties.

Phase IIPhase II::

NY & PANY & PA[1777-1778][1777-1778]

Valley ForgeValley Forge

• How did the experience at How did the experience at Valley Forge affect the men Valley Forge affect the men under Washington’s under Washington’s command?command?

• What would have happened if What would have happened if they hadn’t undergone such they hadn’t undergone such as harsh experience?as harsh experience?

New York City in FlamesNew York City in Flames(1776)(1776)

Washington Crossing the Washington Crossing the DelawareDelaware

Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

Saratoga: Saratoga: “Turning “Turning Point”Point” of the War? of the War?

A modern-day re-enactment

Phase IIIPhase III:: The Southern The Southern Strategy Strategy [1780-1781][1780-1781]

Britain’s “Southern Britain’s “Southern Strategy”Strategy”

Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.

Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.

The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]

Good US General:Nathanial Greene

British View PointBritish View Point

• How did the British view of the How did the British view of the war change over time?war change over time?

• Why did they initially conceive Why did they initially conceive of it as a police actionof it as a police action

• Why did that view change?Why did that view change?

The Battle of Yorktown The Battle of Yorktown (1781)(1781)

Count de Rochambeau

AdmiralDe Grasse

Cornwallis’ Surrender at Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:Yorktown:

Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

““The World Turned Upside The World Turned Upside Down!” Down!”

North America After theNorth America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783Treaty of Paris, 1783

Impact of the WarImpact of the War

• Why was the Revolution so Why was the Revolution so different in different parts of different in different parts of the country?the country?– What was the war like in …What was the war like in …

• New EnglandNew England• Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies• SouthSouth

– What impact did this leave after What impact did this leave after the war?the war?

Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistFederalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the Strongholds at the End of the

WarWar

What concerns were reflected in the terms of the Articles of

Confederation?

Weaknesses of theWeaknesses of theArticles of Articles of

ConfederationConfederationA unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].

13 out of 13 to amend.

Representatives were frequently absent.

Could not tax or raise armies.

No executive or judicial branches.

State ConstitutionsState ConstitutionsRepublicanism.

Most had strong governors with veto power.

Most had bicameral legislatures.

Property required for voting.

Some had universal white male suffrage.

Most had bills of rights.

Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

Occupational Composition of Occupational Composition of Several State AssembliesSeveral State Assemblies

in the 1780sin the 1780s

Indian Land Cessions:Indian Land Cessions:1768-17991768-1799

Disputed Territorial ClaimsDisputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:Between Spain & the U. S.:

1783-17961783-1796

State Claims to Western State Claims to Western LandsLands

Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

Northwest Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance of 17871787

One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!

Statehood achieved in three stages:

1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.

2. When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners elect territorial legislature.

3. When population reached 60,000 elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

The United States in The United States in 17871787

A Spirit of ReformA Spirit of Reform

• How did the Revolution shape How did the Revolution shape the lives of ordinary people, the lives of ordinary people, includingincluding– WomenWomen– BlacksBlacks– IndiansIndians

Legacy of the RevolutionLegacy of the Revolution

• Was the Revolution a radical Was the Revolution a radical movement that brought the movement that brought the dispossessed into power, or dispossessed into power, or was it a moderate effort that was it a moderate effort that did not seriously challenge did not seriously challenge the status quo?the status quo?