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Chapter 6Chapter 6FingerprintingFingerprinting
History of FingerprintingHistory of Fingerprinting
1858- William Herschel-1st official use of fingerprintsrequired natives of India to affix their print to contract
1858- William Herschel-1st official use of fingerprintsrequired natives of India to affix their print to contract
1880- Dr. Henry Faulds-1st to publish article suggesting ridge patterns could be used for identification
1880- Dr. Henry Faulds-1st to publish article suggesting ridge patterns could be used for identification
1882- Gilbert Thompson-1st to use fingerprints in the US-added his print to US Geological Survey document
1883- Alphonse Bertillon-introduces anthropometry -use of body measurements to ID person
1882- Gilbert Thompson-1st to use fingerprints in the US-added his print to US Geological Survey document
1883- Alphonse Bertillon-introduces anthropometry -use of body measurements to ID person
(1903- Will West / William West case is noted as the demise of the Bertillon Method of Identification. Two men had the exact same measurements but different fingerprints. This incident happened at Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas. )
(1903- Will West / William West case is noted as the demise of the Bertillon Method of Identification. Two men had the exact same measurements but different fingerprints. This incident happened at Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas. )
Will West's Bertillon Measurements 178.5; 187.0; 91.2; 19.7; 15.8; 14.8; 6.6; 28.2; 12.3; 9.7
William West's Bertillon Measurements 177.5; 188.0; 91.3; 19.8; 15.9; 14.8; 6.5; 27.5; 12.2; 9.6; 50.3
1891- Dr. Juan Vucetich-devised classification system still used today in Spanish speaking countries
1st 10 print card
1891- Dr. Juan Vucetich-devised classification system still used today in Spanish speaking countries
1st 10 print card
1892- Francis Galton-published Fingerprints -discusses pattern types, uniqueness & permanence of prints-devised 1st classification system
1892- Francis Galton-published Fingerprints -discusses pattern types, uniqueness & permanence of prints-devised 1st classification system
1897- Edward Richard Henry-proposed classification system adopted by most English speaking countries
1897- Edward Richard Henry-proposed classification system adopted by most English speaking countries
1902- US 1st used fingerprints for NY Civil Service Commission applicants-1st time fingerprints used for ID of criminals in England
1902- US 1st used fingerprints for NY Civil Service Commission applicants-1st time fingerprints used for ID of criminals in England
1904- US penitentiary in Kansas & St. Louis police dept. establish fingerprint bureaus
1924 – Identification Division of FBI established (national repository and clearinghouse)
1933- Latent fingerprint section of FBI established
1904- US penitentiary in Kansas & St. Louis police dept. establish fingerprint bureaus
1924 – Identification Division of FBI established (national repository and clearinghouse)
1933- Latent fingerprint section of FBI established
1973- 1st phase of automated system
1999 - IAFIS- Integrated automated fingerprint identification system (now used) , also called AFIS
1973- 1st phase of automated system
1999 - IAFIS- Integrated automated fingerprint identification system (now used) , also called AFIS
Now- -over 250 million sets of prints on file on cards (enough for 133 stacks the height of Empire State building)-over 55 million prints in the computerized automated system-FBI gets 50000 prints/day, 7 days/wk
Now- -over 250 million sets of prints on file on cards (enough for 133 stacks the height of Empire State building)-over 55 million prints in the computerized automated system-FBI gets 50000 prints/day, 7 days/wk
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprinting
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprinting
1. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. No two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics
1. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. No two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics
Ridge Characteristics (aka. Minutiae) ridge endings, bifurcations, enclosures, crossings, islands, and other ridge details, which must match in two fingerprints in order for their common origin to be established
Individuality is established by comparing identity, number and location of ridge characteristics
Ridge Characteristics (aka. Minutiae) ridge endings, bifurcations, enclosures, crossings, islands, and other ridge details, which must match in two fingerprints in order for their common origin to be established
Individuality is established by comparing identity, number and location of ridge characteristics
-there are more than 150 individual ridge characteristics on each fingerprint (need 8-16 points of comparison to establish individuality)
-there are more than 150 individual ridge characteristics on each fingerprint (need 8-16 points of comparison to establish individuality)
1-island
2-bifurcation
3-dot
4-ending ridge
5-bifurcation
6-island
7&8-bifurcation
9-ending ridge
10-island
2. A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individuals lifetime.-can’t change a print, scars leave another link for comparisonEx. Dillinger- Acid soaked- still make out 14 pts. of comparison (p. 139 )
2. A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individuals lifetime.-can’t change a print, scars leave another link for comparisonEx. Dillinger- Acid soaked- still make out 14 pts. of comparison (p. 139 )
Skin StructureSkin Structure
Dermal papillaeDermal papillae
1-2 mm beneath the skin surfaceDetermines the ridge pattern
(developed as fetus-unchanged through life)
1-2 mm beneath the skin surfaceDetermines the ridge pattern
(developed as fetus-unchanged through life)
Latent PrintsLatent Prints
Made by deposit of oils and/or perspiration from sweat glands on surface (invisible to naked eye)
Made by deposit of oils and/or perspiration from sweat glands on surface (invisible to naked eye)
3. Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified
3. Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified
LoopsLoops
60-65 %Ridge lines that enter from one
side of the pattern and curve around & exit same side, one delta
Ulnar loop- opens toward little finger
Radial loop- opens toward thumb
60-65 %Ridge lines that enter from one
side of the pattern and curve around & exit same side, one delta
Ulnar loop- opens toward little finger
Radial loop- opens toward thumb
WhorlsWhorls
30-35%Ridge lines are rounded or circular
in shape, have 2 deltasTypes: plain, central pocket loop,
double loop, accidental
30-35%Ridge lines are rounded or circular
in shape, have 2 deltasTypes: plain, central pocket loop,
double loop, accidental
Plain Central Pocket Double Loop Accidental
ArchesArches
5%Ridge lines that enter the print
from one side and flow out the other side, no deltas
Types- plain or tented
5%Ridge lines that enter the print
from one side and flow out the other side, no deltas
Types- plain or tented
Tented arch Plain arch
Classification of FingerprintsHenry Primary (FBI)
Classification
Classification of FingerprintsHenry Primary (FBI)
ClassificationConverts ridge patterns into a
series of numbers arranged in a form of a fraction
Look for the presence of a whorl, if a finger is a whorl substitute the numbers for the terms of the fingers in the formula
Converts ridge patterns into a series of numbers arranged in a form of a fraction
Look for the presence of a whorl, if a finger is a whorl substitute the numbers for the terms of the fingers in the formula
Henry Formula:16 8 4 2 1RI + RR + LT + LM + LL +1RT + RM + RL + LI + LR +116 8 4 2 1
Henry Formula:16 8 4 2 1RI + RR + LT + LM + LL +1RT + RM + RL + LI + LR +116 8 4 2 1
Ex. Whorl on Right Ring, right thumb
0+8+0+0+0+116+0+0+0+0+1
9/17
Ex. Whorl on Right Ring, right thumb
0+8+0+0+0+116+0+0+0+0+1
9/17
What is a 17/9?
Whorls on Right index, right middle
What is a 17/9?
Whorls on Right index, right middle
What is a 21/5?
Whorls on right index, left thumb and right little
What is a 21/5?
Whorls on right index, left thumb and right little
Automated Fingerprint Identification System
Automated Fingerprint Identification System
AFISUses automatic scanning devices
that convert the image of the fingerprint into digital minutiae that contains data showing ridges & branches
Can search set of 10 prints against 500,000 “10-print” cards in 8/10 sec.
AFISUses automatic scanning devices
that convert the image of the fingerprint into digital minutiae that contains data showing ridges & branches
Can search set of 10 prints against 500,000 “10-print” cards in 8/10 sec.
Methods of Detecting Fingerprints
Methods of Detecting Fingerprints
Types of Crime Scene Fingerprints:Visible- made when a finger
deposits a visible material – such as dirt, blood
Plastic – fingerprint impressed on a soft surface (wax, gum)
Latent – transfer of body perspiration or oils
(visualizing latent prints depends on the surface they are found on)
Types of Crime Scene Fingerprints:Visible- made when a finger
deposits a visible material – such as dirt, blood
Plastic – fingerprint impressed on a soft surface (wax, gum)
Latent – transfer of body perspiration or oils
(visualizing latent prints depends on the surface they are found on)
Methods of Detecting Latent Prints:1. Powders (hard. Non absorbent
surface)2. Chemicals:
Iodine Ninhydrin (reacts w amino acids) Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)- sweat/salts Cyanoacrylate ester (super glue)
Methods of Detecting Latent Prints:1. Powders (hard. Non absorbent
surface)2. Chemicals:
Iodine Ninhydrin (reacts w amino acids) Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)- sweat/salts Cyanoacrylate ester (super glue)
3. Laser
(Once visualized prints are photographed or bagged if small or lifted if immovable)
3. Laser
(Once visualized prints are photographed or bagged if small or lifted if immovable)
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