CHAPTER 4 CARBON & MOLECULAR DIVERSITY Check your knowledge by answering the questions in red

CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4CARBON & MOLECULAR

DIVERSITY

Check your knowledge by answering the questions in redCheck your knowledge by answering the questions in red

ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY• The chemistry of carbon compounds

• Small organics such as CH4 16 daltons or AMU’s

• Macromolecules such as C3032H4816O872N780S8Fe4

=

64,500 daltons or AMU’s

or 64.5 kd

Can you name these molecules? Check your book if you can’tCan you name these molecules? Check your book if you can’t

Figure 4.0 Protein

WHY CARBON???WHY CARBON???WHY CARBON???WHY CARBON???• Smallest atom with bonding capacity of

4

• carbon-carbon bond is strong and versatile

• molecular diversity“carbon is unparalleled in it’s ability to form

molecules that are large, complex and diverse”

HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS

• Simplest organic compounds

• entirely C & H

• nonpolar

• insoluble in water

• examples: fossil fuels• oil, coal, natural gas

Figure 4.5 The role of hydrocarbons in fats

ORGANIC DIVERSITYORGANIC DIVERSITYORGANIC DIVERSITYORGANIC DIVERSITY

VARIATIONS IN CARBON SKELETONS

• nomenclature - number of carbons in backbone

• branched – add iso to name• double bonds – add ene name• rings – add cyclo to name

Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons

Linear vs. cyclical

Structural IsomersStructural IsomersStructural IsomersStructural Isomers

VARIATION IN SHAPE

ISOMERS - same molecular formula but different molecular structure

ASYMMETRICASYMMETRICalal

CARBONS affect the CARBONS affect the

shape of organic shape of organic

moleculesmolecules

the different shapes are the different shapes are

called enantiomerscalled enantiomers

ASYMMETRICASYMMETRICalal

CARBONS affect the CARBONS affect the

shape of organic shape of organic

moleculesmolecules

the different shapes are the different shapes are

called enantiomerscalled enantiomers

ENANTIOMERSENANTIOMERSENANTIOMERSENANTIOMERS• Typically only one

form is biologically active• Thalidomide• L-DOPA vs. D-

DOPA

Life prefers L-amino acids and D-sugars

Very important to pharmacists!!!!!! and organic chemists

Table 4.1 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds

See your textbookSee your textbookKnow these, Know these, know their properties,know their properties,Be able to draw them!!!Be able to draw them!!!

They’re guaranteed to be They’re guaranteed to be on the first test!!on the first test!!

ORGANIC DIVERSITYORGANIC DIVERSITYORGANIC DIVERSITYORGANIC DIVERSITY

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

• reactive groups

• involved in chemical rxns

• determine chemical properties of organic molecules

• must be memorized

FUNCTIONAL GROUPFUNCTIONAL GROUP

Hydroxyl group• formula:• name:• polar or nonpolar?

• sugars to dissolve due to number of OH groups

Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male

(testosterone) sex hormones

How do these two sex hormones differ? What do the suffixes tell you?How do these two sex hormones differ? What do the suffixes tell you?

FUNCTIONAL GROUPFUNCTIONAL GROUP

Carbonyl group - 2 formsType 1• formula:• name:• polar or nonpolar?Type 2• formula:• name:

FUNCTIONAL GROUPFUNCTIONAL GROUP

Carboxyl group• formula:• name:• Are they

• polar • or nonpolar

• organic acid

See your bookSee your bookWhich amino acids Which amino acids

have acid R groups? have acid R groups? What makes each of What makes each of

these an acid?these an acid?

FUNCTIONAL GROUPFUNCTIONAL GROUP

Amine group• formula:• name:• polar or nonpolar?

• organic bases

See your bookSee your bookWhich amino acids Which amino acids

have basic R groups? have basic R groups? Why?Why?

FUNCTIONAL GROUPFUNCTIONAL GROUP

Sulfhydryl group• formula:• name:• polar or nonpolar?• stabilize proteins

• disulfide bridge

Can you find the disulfide bridge???

FUNCTIONAL GROUPFUNCTIONAL GROUP

Phosphate group• formula:• name:• polar or nonpolar?

• also act like acids • It’s big job in life is to store and transfer

energyCan you name the molecule above?Can you name the molecule above?

Table 4.1 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds

The sooner The sooner you learn the you learn the functional functional groups the groups the easier organic easier organic chemistry and chemistry and biochemistry biochemistry become!become!

THOUGHT FOR THE THOUGHT FOR THE DAYDAY

THOUGHT FOR THE THOUGHT FOR THE DAYDAY

“Quality is never an accident, it is always the result of high intention, sincere effort, and skillful execution.”