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Chapter 3
The Diverse World of First-Century Judaism
Key Topics/Themes
The diversity of first-century Judaism Common beliefs of first-century Jews
2© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Three Worlds of the New Testament Era Scriptures and Traditions of Judaism Culture of Greece Political Power of Rome
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The One God, Yahweh
The Shema The divine name The Jewish deity’s name in the New
Testament
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The Torah
The Mosaic Covenant The purity laws Views of Hebrew Bible authors concerning
applicability of Mosaic Covenant Views of New Testament authors concerning
applicability of Mosaic Covenant
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The Divine Promises
The promise to Abraham The Hebrew monarchy Attitudes toward the divine promises after the
fall of the Hebrew monarchy
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The Jerusalem Temple
History of the Jerusalem Temple Significance of the Temple for devout Jews The Day of Atonement
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First-Century Jewish Diversity
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The Sadducees
Origins of the Sadducees The Sadducees and the Romans Characteristic beliefs of the Sadducees
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The Pharisees
Antagonism toward the Pharisees in the Gospels
Strict Torah observance Hillel and Shammai Relationship between the views of Jesus and
the Pharisees Gamaliel
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The Academy of Jamnia (Yavneh) The leadership of Yohanan ben Zakkai The development of Judaism at Jamnia
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The Samaritans
The origin of the Samaritans Hostility between Samaritans and Jews Relationships between Samaritans and early
Christianity
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The Essenes and the Dead Sea Scrolls Discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls The Essenes
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The Qumran Community
Origins of the Qumran community Beliefs of the Qumran Essenes
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Qumran Community (continued)
Contents of the Qumran library (Dead Sea Scrolls) Books of the Hebrew Bible Pseudepigraphical books Commentaries on biblical books Community documents
Essenes and the New Testament
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The Zealots
Origins of the Zealot movement The role of the Zealots in the Jewish
Revolt of 66 CE
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The Messiah: First-century Expectations Jesus’ failure to meet Jewish messianic
expectations Early Christian attempts to counter Jewish
skepticism about Jesus’ messiahship
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Messiah (continued)
The Royal Covenant of King David Origins of Messiah theology in reigns of Davidic
kings Historical end of the Davidic dynasty
Israel’s hopes for a new Davidic king Scriptural promises of a new dynasty The Messiah as political leader
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Messianic Claimants Before and After Jesus Judas the Galilean The Zealots and the Sicarii Simon bar Giora Simon bar Kochba
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Portrayal of the Messiah in Psalm of Solomon 17See, Lord, and raise up for them [Israel] their king, the son of David [italics added] to rule over your servant Israel in the time known to you, O God. . . .
There will be no unrighteousness among them in his days, for all shall be holy, and their king shall be the Lord Messiah [italics added].
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A Revisionist View of the Messiah The incompleteness of Jesus’ earthly
mission The necessity of Jesus’ return as
supernatural king
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Summary
The New Testament Jesus explained using variety of Jewish traditions: Anointed monarch in tradition of David Lawgiver and prophet like Moses Suffering servant Heavenly sacrifice and eternal priest Image of the invisible God Christ (mashiah) as Jesus’ name, not a title
only
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