Chapter 3: Organic Molecules and life. I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry A. “Organic” =

Chapter 3: Organic Molecules and life

I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry

A. “Organic” =

A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon (C )

A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon

* Is water organic?

B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds

C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C

The carbons are often bound to each other, with Hs bound to each carbon

C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C, and often contain O

D. Organic molecules are abbreviated in drawings

E. Organic molecules often contain functional groups

III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates

1. Monosaccharides: CH2O

• Monosaccharides

1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides

Individual cells are able to harness the energy in monosaccharides and use it to do work (ex, muscle cell contraction)

Two monosaccharides can bond to form:

2. Disaccharides

*Many monosaccharides can bond in a chain to form:

2. Disaccharides

*Many monosaccharides can bond in a chain to form:

3. Polysaccharides

1. Monosaccharides

2. Disaccharides

3. Polysaccharides- chains of monosaccharides. Cells build polysaccharides to either store energy or

1. Monosaccharides

2. Disaccharides

3. Polysaccharides- chains of monosaccharides. Cells build polysaccharides to either store energy or use them for structure

1. Monosaccharides

2. Disaccharides

3. Polysaccharides

a. Starch- plant storage of glucose

1. Monosaccharides

2. Disaccharides

3. Polysaccharides

b. Glycogen- animal storage of glucose

1. Monosaccharides

2. Disaccharides

3. Polysaccharides

b. Glycogen- animal storage of glucose

c. Cellulose- major structural component of plant cell walls

B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic

B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic- cells use lipids both for energy and structure/function.

B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids

a. Fatty acids

b. Triglycerides- the way fatty acids are stored

a. Fatty acids

b. Triglycerides- the way fatty acids are stored

c. Phospholipids- the major structural component of cell membranes

2. Steroids

C. Proteins- cells use mostly for structure and function, but can use for energy

C. Proteins1. Some example functions

a. Structure: ex, keratin, collagen

b. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies

III. Major Biological MoleculesA. CarbohydratesB. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobicC. Proteins

1. Some example functionsa. Structure: ex, keratin, collagenb. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodiesc. Transport of substances through the blood: ex, hemoglobin,

proteins that carry fat-soluble vitamins

proteins that carry fat-soluble vitaminsd. Enzymes: drive the reactions that sustain life, ex. Digestive

enzymes

proteins that carry fat-soluble vitaminsd. Enzymes: drive the reactions that sustain life, ex. Digestive

enzymese. Movement: ex, contractile proteins in muscle cells

2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids

3. Protein shape

3. Protein shapea. They are 3-dimensional

3. Protein shapea. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on

its shape

3. Protein shapea. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on

its shape, each protein’s shape is determined by its specific sequence of amino acids

1. Some example functions2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids3. Protein shape

a. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on its shape, each protein’s shape is determined by its specific sequence of amino acids

* Is the sequence of amino acids important to a protein’s function?

1. Some example functions2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids3. Protein shape

a. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on its shape, each protein’s shape is determined by its specific sequence of amino acids

b. Patterns of protein folding

Amino acids bond one-by-one to form

• The primary structure of a protein

III. Major Biological MoleculesA. CarbohydratesB. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobicC. ProteinsD. Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA

1. Made of monomers called nucleotides

1. Made of monomers called nucleotides; The nucleotides are made of phosphate (PO4), a monosaccharide (deoxyribose or ribose), and a nitrogenous base.

2. There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine ( C ).

1. Made of monomers called nucleotides; The nucleotides are made of phosphate (PO4), a monosaccharide, and a nitrogenous base.

2. There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine ( C ). RNA uses one called Uracil (U) rather than thymine.

1. Made of monomers called nucleotides; The nucleotides are made of phosphate (PO4), a monosaccharide, and a nitrogenous base.

2. There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine ( C ). RNA uses one called Uracil (U) rather than thymine.

3. RNA is a single strand, while DNA is made of 2 separate strands. They stick together by H-bonding between the N-bases.

Chapter 3: Organic Molecules and life. I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry A. “Organic” =

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