CHAPTER 24 SECTION 1 LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE

CHAPTER 24

SECTION 1LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN

INDEPENDENCE

BIG IDEA

• AMERICAN REVOLUTION, FRENCH REVOLUTION & ENLIGHTENMENT CHANGED IDEAS ABOUT WHO SHOULD CONTROL GOVERNMENT. LATIN AMERICA RESENTED THE DOMINATION OF EUROPEAN COLONIAL POWERS. TIME IS RIGHT TO GAIN CONTROL OF THE LAND

REVOLUTION IN HAITI

• HAITI • FRENCH COLONY CALLED SAINT DOMINGUE WAS FIRST LATIN AMERICAN TERRITORY TO FREE ITSELF FROM EUROPEAN RULE

• SLAVES

• TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE

• 500,000 AFRICANS; WORKED ON PLANTATIONS

• EX-SLAVE WHO LED REVOLT IN 1791; VERY SKILLED AT FINDING OPENINGS IN ENEMY LINES; TOOK 2/3 OF EASTERN HISPANIOLA & FREED THE SLAVES

• FRANCE’S RESPONSE • SEND 16,000 TROOPS TO STOP UPRISING; TOUSSAINT AGREED TO STOP REVOLUTION IF SLAVERY WAS ENDED; ACCUSED OF PLANNING ANOTHER UPRISING HE WAS ARRESTED & SENT TO PRISON IN FRENCH ALPS AND DIED 10 MONTHS LATER IN 1803

• JEAN-JACQUES DESSALINES

• TOUSSAINT’S GENERAL; TOOK UP THE FIGHT FOR FREEDOM; IN 1804, DECLARED THE COLONY INDEPENDENT COUNTRY; FIRST BLACK COUNTRY TO FREE ITSELF FROM EUROPEAN CONTROL; CALLED HAITI “MOUNTAINOUS LAND”

LATIN AMERICA SWEEPS TO FREEDOM

• PENINSULARES • TOP OF SPANISH AMERICAN SOCIETY; MEN WHO WERE BORN IN SPAIN; ONLY GROUP WHO CAN HOLD HIGH OFFICE IN SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT;

• WHY?

• CREOLES

• MESTIZOS

• SPANIARDS BORN IN LATIN AMERICA; COULD NOT HOLD HIGH LEVEL POLITICAL OFFICE; COULD RISE IN ARMY RANK; BEST EDUCATED

• PERSON MIXED OF EUROPEAN & INDIAN ANCESTRY

• MULATTOS

• AFRICANS

• INDIANS

• PERSON OF MIXED EUROPEAN & AFRICAN ANCESTRY

• ONE STEP FROM BOTTOM

• AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SOCIAL LADDER; LITTLE ECONOMIC VALUE

• NAPOLEON’S CONQUEST

• REBELLION

• FRENCH KING CONQUERS SPAIN IN 1808; REVOLTS BREAK OUT IN SPANISH COLONIES; NAMED HIS BROTHER JOSEPH KING OF SPAIN;

• WHY WASN’T SPAIN LOYAL TO THE NEW KING?

• BRAKES OUT IN 1810 & NAPOLEON DEFEATED IN 1814

THE LIBERTADORES END SPANISH RULE

• SIMON BOLIVAR • ONE OF TWO BRILLIANT GENERALS THAT LED SOUTH AMERICA TO INDEPENDENCE. WAS CALLED THE LIBERTADOR, WHICH MEANS LIBERATOR. WAS ROMANTIC & PRACTICAL, A WRITER & A FIGHTER

• NATIVE OF VENEZUELA• SURPRISED & DEFEATED

THE SPANISH ARMY IN BOGOTA IN 1819.

• 1821 WON VENEZUELA INDEPENDENCE

• MET UP WITH JOSE DE SAN MARTIN IN ECUADOR

• JOSE DE SAN MARTIN • OTHER GREAT LIBERATOR; SIMPLE & MODEST MAN; STRICT MILITARY DISCIPLINE BUT ALSO SHOWED CONCERN FOR WELL BEING OF HIS TROOPS

• NATIVE OF ARGENTINA DECLARED INDEPENDENT IN 1816

• SPAIN STILL CONTROLLED CHILE & PERU

• FREED CHILE IN 1817• SAN MARTIN &

BOLIVAR JOIN AND DEFEAT SPANISH ARMY IN PERU IN 1824

• VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, PANAMA, ECUADOR WERE ALL UNITED COUNTRY AND CALLED GRAN COLOMBIA

MEXICO ENDS SPANISH RULE

• ETHNIC & RACIAL GROUPS

• INDIANS & MESTIZOS

• MIXED MORE FREELY IN MEXICO THAN OTHER LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES

• PLAYED THE LEADING ROLE IN THE REVOLUTION

• MIGUEL HIDALGO • PRIEST IN SMALL VILLAGE OF DOLORES, POOR BUT EDUCATED, CALLED FOR REBELLION IN 1810. ARMY OF 80,000 EVENTUALLY DEFEATED IN 1811

• JOSE MARIA MORELOS

• MEXICO’S INDEPENDENCE

• REBELS FOLLOWED MORELOS FOR 4 YEARS AFTER HIDALGO BUT EVENTUALLY DEFEATED IN 1815.

• IN 1820 A LIBERAL GROUP IN SPAIN TOOK POWER. MEXICO’S CREOLES FEARED LOSS OF PRIVELEGES & SUPPORTED INDEPENDENCE. AGUSTIN DE ITURBIDE PROCLAIMED INDEPENDENCE IN 1821.

• ITURBIDE • DECLARED HIMSELF EMPEROR BUT REFUSED TO RECOGNIZE THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

• WHY?• OVERTHROWN IN 1823

& CENTRAL AMERICA DECLARED INDEPENDENCE FROM MEXICO

BRAZIL’S ROYAL LIBERATOR

• NO VIOLENCE OR BLOODSHED FOR INDEPENDENCE FROM PORTUGAL

• PORTUGESE RAN THEIR EMPIRE FROM BRAZIL FOR 6 YEARS BEFORE RETURNING HOME

• DOM PEDRO SON OF KING JOHN REMAIN IN BRAZIL• 8,000 BRAZILIANS SIGNED A PETITION ASKING FOR

INDEPENDENCE• PEDRO AGREES IN ON SEPTEMBER 7, 1822 &

DECLARES BRAZIL INDEPENDENT

SECTION 2

EUROPE FACES REVOLUTIONS

BIG IDEA

• AS REVOLUTIONS SHOOK THE COLONIES IN LATIN AMERICA, EUROPE WAS ALSO UNDERGOING DRAMATIC CHANGES AND REVOLUTIONS ERUPTED ACROSS EUROPE BETWEEN 1815 AND 1848.

CLASH OF PHILOSOPHIES

• CONSERVATIVE

• LIBERAL

• WEALTHY PROPERTY OWNERS; PROTECT TRADITIONAL MONARCHIES

• MIDDLE CLASS BUSINESS LEADERS & MERCHANTS; GIVE MORE POWER TO ELECTED PARLIAMENTS BUT ONLY EDUCATED & LANDOWNERS VOTE

• RADICAL • FAVORED DRASTIC CHANGE TO EXTEND DEMOCRACY TO ALL; SAME IDEALS AS FRENCH REVOLUTION, LIBERTY, EQUALITY, AND BROTHERHOOD

NATIONLISM DEVELOPS

• NATIONALISM • BELIEF THAT PEOPLE’S GREATEST LOYALTY SHOULD BE TO THE NATIONS PEOPLE WHO SHARE COMMON CULTURE & HISTORY.

• NATION-STATE

• LIBERALS & RADICALS

• WHEN A NATION HAD IT’S OWN INDEPENDENT GOVERNMENT, DEFENDS THE NATION’S TERRITORY & WAY OF LIFE.

• WERE THE GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO BELIEVED IN NATIONALISM; MIDDLE CLASS TEACHERS, LAWYERS, & BUSINESS PEOPLE LED STRUGGLE FOR CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT & FORMATION OF NATION STATES

NATIONALISTS CHALLENGE CONSERVATIVE POWER

• GREEKS

• REVOLUTIONS BRAKE OUT

• FIRST PEOPLE TO WIN SELF-RULING DURING THIS PEORIOD; REBELLED AGAINST OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN 1821

• ITALY, BELGIAN, POLAND.

• THE BALKANS • OTTOMAN EMPIRE CONTROLLED GREECE, ALBANIA, BULGARIA, ROMANIA, TURKEY & YUGOSLAVIA

• SUPPORT GROWS • BRITAIN, FRANCE, & RUSSIAN FLEET DESTROY OTTOMAN FLEET AND SIGN TREATY MAKING GREECE INDEPENDENT KINGDOM IN 1830

• CONSERVATIVES REGAIN THEIR POWER

• BY 1848 REVOLUTIONARIES FAILED TO UNITE THEMSELVES OR THEIR NATIONS. CONSERVATISM ONCE AGAIN CONTROLLED MOST GOVERNMENTS IN 1849.

RADICALS CHANGE FRANCE

• RADICALS IN FRANCE • 1830, KING CHARLES X TRIES TO RETURN FRANCE TO ABSOLUTE MONARCHY, RIOTS BROKE OUT & CHARLES FLEES TO GREAT BRITAIN; REPLACED BY LOUIS-PHILIPPE WHO SUPPORTED LEBERAL REFORMS

• THE THIRD REPUBLIC • LOUIS-PHILLIPPE FELL FROM POPULAR FAVOR IN 1848, PARIS MOB OVERTURNED A MONARCH AND ESTABLISHED A REPUBLIC. REPUBLIC BEGAN TO FALL APART IMMEDIATLEY

• RADICALS SPLIT • ONE SIDE ONLY WANTED POLITCAL REFORM

• OTHER GROUP WANTED SOCIAL & ECONOMIC REFORM

• VIOLENE ERRUPTED • LATER IN 1848, A

MODERATE CONSTITUTION WAS DRAWN UP AND CALLED FOR PARLIAMENENT & PRESIDENT TO BE ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE

• LOUIS-NAPOLEON • DECEMBER 1848, WON PRESIDENT ELECTION. FOUR YEARS LATER BECAME EMPEROR & WAS ACCEPTED BY PEOPLE.

• BUILT RAILROADS, ENCOURAGED INDUSTRIALIZATION, PROMOTED PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM.

• UNEMPLOYMENT DECREASED & COUNTRY EXPERIENCED REAL PROSPERITY

REFORM IN RUSSIA

• DIDN’T LEAP INTO MODERN INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD

• MANY PEOPLE BELIEVED IT WAS TIME TO END SERFDOM, IT WAS MORALLY WRONG & HELD BACK ECONOMY

• CZARS RELUCTANT BECAUSE FREEING SERFS MEANT THEY WOULD LOSE SUPPORT FROM LANDOWNERS AND EVENTUALLY LOSE POWER

• ALEXANDER II

• 1ST REFORM

• CZAR WHO BELIEVED IT WAS TIME TO MODERNIZE RUSSIA AND CATCH UP WITH WESTERN EUROPE.

• FREEING THE SERFS IN 1861 ONLY WENT HALFWAY. PEASANT COMMUNITIES RATHER THAN INDIVIDUALS RECEIVED ABOUT HALF OF FARMLAND. GOVERNMENT PAID NOBLES FOR THEIR LAND. PEASANTS HAD 49 YEARS TO PAY THE GOVERNMENT BACK.

• ASSASSINATED

• ALEXANDER III

• BEFORE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL REFORMS REALLY TOOK SHAPE, ALEXANDER WAS ASSASSINATED IN 1881.

• TIGHTENED CZARIST CONTROL; ENCOURAGED INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT. NATIONALISM WAS A DRIVING FORCE BEHIND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

SECTION 3

NATIONALISMCASE STUDY: ITALY & GERMANY

BIG IDEA

• NATIONALISM WAS THE MOST POWERFUL IDEA OF THE 1800’S. IT SHAPED NEW COUNTRIES AND SPLIT UP OLD ONES. IT FED THE DESIRE OF MOST GROUPS FREE OF THE RULE OF EMPIRES AND GOVERN THEMSELVES IN THEIR TRADITIONAL LANDS.

NATIONALISM: A FORCE FOR UNITY OR DISUNITY

NATIONALISM SHAKES AGING EMPIRES

• AUSTRIAN EMPIRE • IN 1866, EMPEROR FRANCIS JOSEPH SPLIT AUSTRIA INTO TWO HALFS AND HE RULED BOTH

• NATIONALIST DISPUTES WEAKENED IF FOR 40 YEARS

• WWI AUSTRIA HUNGARY BROKE INTO SEVERAL SEPARATE NATION-STATES

• RUSSIAN EMPIRE CRUMBLES

• NATIONALIST BROKE UP 370 YEARS OF CZAR CONTROL

• CZAR ALSO RULED OVER UKRAINIANS, POLES, LLITHUANIANS, LATVIANS, ESTONIANS, FINNS, JEWS, ROMANIANS, GEORGIANS, ARMENIANS, TURKS & OTHERS

• RUSSIFICATION • ROMANOV DYNASTY FORCED RUSSIAN CULTURE ON ALL THE ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE EMPIRE.

• THIS ACTUALLY STRENGTHENED ETHNIC NATIONALIST FEELING & HELPED TO DISUNIFY RUSSIA

• WWI & COMMUNIST REVOLUTION TOOK STRANGLEHOLD AND LAST ROMANOV CZAR GAVE UP POWER IN 1917

• OTTOMAN EMPIRE WEAKENS

• TURKS RULED THE OTTOMAN EMPRIRE AND CONTROLLED GREEKS, SLAVS, ARABS, BULGARIANS, & ARMENIANS.

• OTTOMANS GRANTED EQUAL CITIZENSHIP TO ALL PEOPLE AFTER RECEIVING PRESSURE FROM BRITISH AND FRENCH

• CONSERVATIVES WERE ANGERED BY THIS AND EMPIRE SPLIT UP SHORTLY AFTER WWI

CASE STUDY: ITALY

• ITALIAN NATIONALISTS LOOKED FOR LEADERSHIP FROM KINGDOM OF PIEDMONT-SARDINIA

• CAMILLO DI CAVOUR • NAMED PRIME MINISTER

• FRENCH EMPEROR NAPOLEON III AGREED TO HELP DRIVE AUSTRIA OUT OF NORTHERN ITALY

• IN 1858, FRENCH & SARDINIAN ARMY WON TWO QUICK VICTORIES AND TAKING NORTHERN ITALY, EXCEPT VENETIA.

• GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI • IN 1860, LED SMALL ITALIAN NATIONALIST IN SOUTH AND CAPTURED SICILY.

• KNOWN AS RED SHIRTS CAUSE HE ALWAYS WORE A BRIGHT RED SHIRT ALONG WITH HIS FOLLOWERS.

• UNITED SOUTHERN AREAS WITH KINGDOM OF PIEDMONT-SARDINIA & WAS RULED BY KING VICTOR EMMANUEL II

• IN 1866 AUSTRIAN PROVINCE OF VENETIA, WHICH INCLUDED CITY OF VENICE BECAME PART OF ITALY

• 1870, TOOK LAST PART OF TERRITORY KNOWN AS THE PAPAL STATES.

• CITY OF ROME CAME UNDER ITALIAN CONTROL AND EVENTUALLY BECAME CAPITAL OF THE UNITED KINGDOME OF ITALY.

CASE STUDY: GERMANY

• PRUSSIA LEADS GERMAN UNIFICATION

• MAINLY GERMAN POPULATION

• NATIONALISM UNIFIED• BERLIN RIOTERS FORCED

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION TO WRITE UP A LIBERAL CONSTITUTION HELPING PAVE THE WAY OF UNIFICATION.

• WILHELM

• JUNKERS

• 1861 WILHELM I SUCCEEDED FREDERICK WILLIAM TO THE THRONE

• DID NOT RECEIVE MONEY FOR REFORM FROM LIBERAL PARLIAMENT

• SUPPORTED WILHELM, STRONG CONSERVATIVE MEMBERS OF PRUSSIA’S WEALTHY LANDOWNING CLASS.

• OTTO VON BISMARK • CHOSEN AS WILHELM’S PRIME MINISTER.

• MASTER OF REALPOLITIK- MEANS POLITICS OF REALITY

• WOULD RULE WITHOUTH CONSENT FROM PARLIAMENT OR LEGAL BUDGET.

• VIOLATED CONSTITUTION• PARLIAMENT &

CONSTITUTION WOULD GROW WEAKER WHILE KING & PRIME MINISTER WOULD GROW STRONGER

• PRUSSIA EXPANDS

• SEVEN WEEKS WAR

• 1864, PRUSSIA & AUSTRIA FORM ALLIANCE AND DEFECAT DENMARK AND GAIN NEIGHBORING PROVINCES

• CONFLICT WITH AUSTRIA & PRUSSIA OVER TERRITORY. PRUSSIA DESTROYS AUSTRIA GAINING MORE POWER & TERRITORTY

• FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR

• KAISER (EMPEROR)

• FINAL STAGE IN GERMAN UNIFICATION & ACCEPTED PRUSSIAN LEADERSHIP.

• KING WILHELM I OF PRUSSIA IS CROWNED IN 1871 IN VERSAILLES, FRANCE.

SHIFT IN POWER

• IN 1815- FIVE GREAT POWERS IN EUROPE-BRITAIN, FRANCE, AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA & RUSSIA

• IN 1871- BRITAIN & GERMANY (PRUSSIA) CLEARLY MOST POWERFUL MILITRILY & ECONOMICALLY

• AUSTRIA & RUSSIA WERE FAR BEHIND• FRANCE STRUGGLED SOMEWHERE IN THE

MIDDLE