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Chapter 22The Industrial
RevolutionPart 1
The Industrial Revolution 1780-1850
Part of the Dual Revolution (the other part is the French Revolution)
Machines began to replace human and animal power in the manufacture and production of goods
The use of the steam engine for textile productin in the 1780’s was the turning point
Europe gradually changed
From an agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society
In the 1830’s only a small segment of British working people were employed in factories
By 1850, industrialism had spread throughout Europe…20 years!
The Economic Changes
Of the Industrial Revolution did more to revolutionize life in Europe and Western civilization than any other movement
Society had not experienced such a radical change since the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period
Roots of the Industrial Revolution
The Commercial Revolution (1500-1700)
Spurred great economic growth Brought about the Age of
Exploration
The Price Revolution Inflation stimulated production as
producers could get more money for their goods
The Bourgeoisie acquired much of their wealth from trading and manufacturing
Roots of the Industrial Revolution
The Rise of Capitalism Increased the use of surplus money for
investment in ventures to make a profit The Middle Class provided the
leadership for the economic revolution (joint-stock companies, chartered companies
The Scientific Revolution: produced the first wave of mechanical inventions and technological advances
Roots of the Industrial Revolution
The increase of Europe’s population provided larger markets
Proto-industrialization: the Cottage Industry
The Merchant-capitalist The Family Unit Unregulated Production Its Problems (for the merchant
capitalist)
Roots of the Industrial Revolution
Proto industrialism Technology 1733 Kay’s Flying Shuttle 1764 Hargreaves’s Spinning Jenny:
early units required 6-24 workers 1769 Arkwright’s Water Frame:
could employ as many as 1,000 workers
1779 Crompton’s Spinning Mule Machines too big, required too many
workers to be contained in cottages
England was the first to industrialize
Began in the 1780’s Was complete by 1830’s
Had no impact on European continent until Napoleon’s final defeat in 1815
Why was England First?
Geographic isolation from the continent offered protection and separation from many of the continental wars
Ample supply of coal and iron From Wales and Northern England No need to rely on foreign
importation of raw materials
Why England First?
Waterways offered a source of alternate power for factories and navigable transport for trade and communication
No part of England is more than 20 miles from navigable water
Was much cheaper to move goods via waterways than over land
Why England First?
England had an expanding role in the 18th century Atlantic economy
The growth of the Royal Navy and increasing number of global ports provided protection from foreign threats to England’s commercial empire
The Agricultural Revolution
Was vital to the Industrial Revolution
Supply of cheap and abundant labor was provided for factories as the enclosure movement forced landless farmers to move to the towns and cities
The Agricultural Revolution made it possible for fewer farmers to feed larger numbers of people
The Population in England
Doubled in the 18th century So demand for goods within the
country inspired increased production
Because of increased food production, more people were freed up to work in factories
The End of Feudalism
People were free to move and seek employment because serfdom and feudalism was long gone in England and gone in Europe
200 years of profitable commercial activity
Meant that capital was available for investment
England could avoid costly continental wars if she chose
The British merchants and gentry often prospered due to the many wars on the continent
The Bank of England 1694
Provided capital for investment in industry
Insurance companies (like Lloyd’s of London) provided a degree of protection from commercial failure
Entrepreneurs
A group of motivated, inventive folks who had technical skill and the willingness to take risks
Were often young men from the gentry class who were interested in careers in business
Members of the middle class found opportunities to rise into the nobility through success in business
The Protestant Work Ethic
Didn’t hurt
England’s Colonial Empire
Gave her access to raw materials Gave her markets for manufactured
goods
England’s Government
Encouraged industrial development Well-established institutions (bank of
England) made loans available The limited monarchy in England
meant that government was not likely to stifle expansion of business and the growth of the middle class (not true in France and Russia)
Government stability did not hurt
England’s Government
England was not devastated by by the Napoleonic Wars
The Rise of the House of Commons became a tool for the rising middle class so the government earned its loyalty
(The French middle class started the revolution)
Strong monarchies stifled the middle class
Parliamentary Legislation favored Big Business
The Bubble Act was repealed to allow (once again) for the creation of joint stock companies
The Lowes Act: allowed for limited liability for business owners
The Repeal of the Navigation Acts
The eventual repeal of the Corn Laws (1846)
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