Chapter 17 and 18. The Enlightenment Enlightenment was a revolution in thinking during which people...
Preview:
Citation preview
- Slide 1
- Chapter 17 and 18
- Slide 2
- The Enlightenment Enlightenment was a revolution in thinking
during which people began to discover that natural law could also
be used to describe political, economic, and social problems. It
was also known as The Age of Reason Human reason and thought, not
religion, could provide order to the chaos of Europe The philosophy
of the Enlightenment
- Slide 3
- Thinkers of the Enlightenment Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679 Argues
that people are naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish Believes that
people enter into a social contract with governments in order to
provide order to the chaos of human nature He was a supporter of
absolute monarchies
- Slide 4
- Thinkers of the Enlightenment John Locke 1632-1704 All people
are born with Natural Rights Life, liberty, property Governments
duty to protect these rights People enter a Social Contract with
their government If government is not doing their part, then it is
the duty of the people to overthrow the government
- Slide 5
- Thinkers of the Enlightenment Baron de Montesquieu 1689-1755
Government should have three branches 1.Legislative (Congress)
2.Executive (President) 3.Judicial (Supreme Court) Need checks and
balances on each other
- Slide 6
- Thinkers of the Enlightenment Voltaire 1694-1778 Defended the
principal of Free Speech Criticized the Catholic church and French
government He was imprisoned for his actions, but continued to
defend the principle of free speech
- Slide 7
- Thinkers of the Enlightenment Jean Jacques-Rousseau 1712-1788
Promoted the social contract Believed that people are naturally
good, but can be corrupted by society The good of the many outweigh
the needs of the few Majority rules
- Slide 8
- Thinkers of the Enlightenment Adam Smith -- 1723-1790 He
applied Enlightenment ideals to economic matters Wrote a famous
book titled Wealth of Nations Argues in favor of a free-market
economy based on supply and demand Helped shape the modern economic
system of capitalism Laissez Faire govt should not interfere with
economy
- Slide 9
- Impact of the Enlightenment People began to question the
government Enlightenment thinking will lead to many revolutions or
overthrows of government during the 17 th 19 th centuries Including
the American and French Revolutions
- Slide 10
- 1789-1815
- Slide 11
- The Estate System France is divided into three social class,
called estates This was known as the ancien regime, or old order,
and everyone in France was divided into one of them
- Slide 12
- The First Estate Made up of Clergy members Rich from the 10%
tithe they collected Owned 10% of the land in France Paid no
taxes
- Slide 13
- The Second Estate Made up of Nobility 2 % of the population
Owned over 25% of all the land in France Collected feudal dues from
the peasants living on their land
- Slide 14
- The Third Estate Made up of everyone else 95% of the people of
France Bankers, farmers, merchants, doctors, industry workers
Enjoyed no social or political privileges They paid the taxes that
funded France Bourgeoisie = bankers, merchants, Drs Urban workers =
worked in industry Rural Peasants = farmers (largest group)
- Slide 15
- Financial Troubles in France 1. National debt soared due to
deficit spending* 1. Louis XIV had left France in extreme debt 1. 7
Years War (French and Indian War) 2. American Revolution 3. Lavish
lifestyle and Court 2. Bad Harvests (1787 and 1789) 1. Less food =
higher prices inflation 3. Bread Riots 1. People had so little
money, that even a slight increase in price made it too expensive
to afford
- Slide 16
- Contemporary Political Cartoon of the Estate System
- Slide 17
- Estates General Called 1. King Louis XVI (16) is left with this
financial crisis 2. He is advised by Jacques Necker, his advisor,
to begin taxing the nobles and clergy 3. They refuse and demand
that he calls the Estates General in 1789 (May) 1. Frances
representative government body that had not met since 1614 175
years earlier!
- Slide 18
- Estates General May 1789 1. Delegates from each Estate prepared
a grievance notebook 1. Fairer taxes, Freedom of Press, regular
meetings of Estates General 2. Delegates of the Third Estate were
upset that they only had one vote (each Estate had one vote) 1.
They would be outvoted by the 1 st and 2 nd Estates 3. They meet
independently and take the Tennis Court Oath 1. Declared themselves
to be the National Assembly in June 1789
- Slide 19
- Tennis Court Oath
- Slide 20
- Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789 800 Parisians surround
political prison to get weapons for defense Troops open fire on
them and the mob overruns the prison Set the prisoners free The
anniversary of this date is celebrated as French Independence
Day
- Slide 21
- The Three Phases of the French Revolution (1789 1815) 1.
National Assembly 1. 1789-1791 2. Reign of Terror 1. 1792-1799 3.
Age of Napoleon 1. 1799-1815
- Slide 22
- The National Assembly Acts The National Assembly begins meeting
regularly in August 1789 Their first act is to end the special
privileges of the nobles No more feudal dues No more exclusive
hunting rights No more special legal status Must pay taxes
- Slide 23
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Issued in
August 1789 and modeled after the Declaration of Independence
Essentially the French Constitution today Declared all men equal
Freedom of speech, religion, press Did not guarantee rights to
women though
- Slide 24
- Other European Leaders Fear the Revolution Will Spread Absolute
monarchs across Europe worry that the ideas of the revolutionaries
in France will come to their countries The fear is spread by migr's
who flee to their countries Nobles who fled France and want to
restore King Louis XVI Catherine the Great included
- Slide 25
- A Struggle for Power in the National Assembly Some groups want
to form a Republic in France Mainly people known as Sans-Culottes
Means without short pants Nobles wore those types of pants Radical
political club called Jacobins want to spread the Revolution into
other countries
- Slide 26
- Radicals Seize Power The Jacobins seize control of the National
Assembly and declare France a Republic abolish the monarchy Arrest
King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette The Jacobins also declare war
on Austria, Russia, and Prussia (Germany) Their saying is liberty,
equality, and fraternity
- Slide 27
- What to Do With Louis XVI? What are the Jacobins (radicals)
going to do with King Louis XVI now? Theyve abolished the monarchy
and declared him a tyrant..
- Slide 28
- The Reign of Terror: 1793-1794 By January of 1793, the Jacobins
had seized power in the Assembly and convicted King Louis XVI as a
traitor to France Executed by guillotine January 1793 Marie
Antoinette also executed in October 1793
- Slide 29
- The Reign of Terror: 1793-1794 The Jacobins end the National
Assembly and set up the National Convention Robespierre set up as
leader of it He calls for a Reign of Terror to kill or imprison
those suspected of not supporting the revolution
- Slide 30
- The Reign of Terror: 1793-1794 Over 40,000 people are
imprisoned or killed during 9 month period from September 1793-July
1794 Main method of execution was the use of the guillotine
Robespierre had several Jacobin leaders murdered, and is ultimately
sent to the guillotine himself End of the Reign of Terror
- Slide 31
- The Directory Set Up In 1795, the National Convention writes
the Constitution of 1795 3 rd one written since the beginning of
Revolution It set up a five-man Directory to run France A young
military officer will rise to control it
- Slide 32
- 1799-1815
- Slide 33
- Napoleon Bonaparte Rises to Power A General in the war against
Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain He puts down an
uprising against the Directory in 1795 Makes him a National Hero
Leads a coup d'tat against Directory in 1799 A new constitution is
written and Napoleon becomes Head Consul Essentially a
dictator
- Slide 34
- Restoring Order in France Napoleon creates many reforms to
bring order back to the chaos of France Economy Sets price controls
controls inflation Creates Bank of France for tax collection Builds
roads and canals Education Sets up a government run school
system
- Slide 35
- Restoring Order in France Plebiscite Allows for a popular vote
of elected officials Religious toleration for all Napoleonic Code A
new legal code Used Enlightenment ideas like equality and liberty
It did limit some rights such as freedom of speech and press
- Slide 36
- Napoleons Empire In 1804 Napoleon crowns himself Emperor
Napoleon of France He fights wars against most of Europe and by
1810 controls most of Europe except Russia and Great Britain
British had a navy that was too strong Loses Battle of Trafalgar in
English Channel Russia was too far and had a HUGE army
- Slide 37
- Napoleons Empire 1811
- Slide 38
- Napoleons Continental System Continental System Napoleon would
not allow conquered countries to trade with Great Britain An
attempt to weaken G.B. Actually weakened Frances economy because
trade suffered The Continental System failed because Great Britains
navy was too strong
- Slide 39
- Napoleons Invasion of Russia In 1812 Napoleon attempts to
invade Russia because they pulled out of the Continental System
Russians used a scorched earth policy as they retreated towards
Moscow Burnt everything, leaving the French army with no supplies
or food Napoleon waited too long to retreat and the Russian winter
set in Most of his troops died
- Slide 40
- Napoleons Invasion of Russia He invaded with over 500,000 men
Only 40,000 returned alive
- Slide 41
- Napoleons Decline After his devastating Russian campaign,
Napoleon is attacked from all sides British, Austrian, Prussia,
Spain, Italy People in conquered lands begin rebelling against him
Felt oppressed by his rule Forced to abdicate as Emperor in 1814
Exiled to Elba Small island in the Mediterranean Sea
- Slide 42
- Napoleon Returns to Europe In 1815, one year after being
exiled, Napoleon returns to France and regains power Still had the
support of his army Great Britain and Prussia again send forces to
battle him Meet at the Battle of Waterloo* Napoleon and his forces
lose End of Napoleon He is sent even further into exile Lives out
the rest of his life on an island in the south Atlantic (dies
1821)
- Slide 43
- Congress of Vienna Restores Peace to Europe After Napoleons
defeat, European leaders met at the Congress of Vienna to restore
peace They create a balance of power No country should dominate
continental Europe Also call for legitimacy Restore the monarchs of
Europe to their thrones King Louis XVIII becomes French king
Limited Powers Set up the Concert of Europe European countries to
meet regularly to maintain peace
- Slide 44
- Effects of the French Revolution 1. Democratic ideals spread 1.
People turned against European monarchs 2. Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity 2. Nationalism grows 1. People began feeling allegiance
to their country, not their ruler or King 3. Equality under the law
1. Established from the Napoleonic Code 4. Spains Decline 1. Due to
Napoleons invasion weakening them 2. Independence and revolution
will spread to the Spanish Colonies in the Americas (Latin
America)