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Learning Outcomes-Monday
• Define psychotherapy and describe the history of treatment of psychological disorders
• Describe traditional psychoanalysis and short-term psychodynamic therapies
• Define humanistic therapy and contrast its two main approaches
• Define behavior therapy and identify various behavioral approaches to therapy
Psychotherapy
• Systematic interaction between client and therapist
• Based on psychological principles• Influences clients’ thoughts, feelings, and
behavior• Clients use it for psychological disorders,
adjustment problems, and/or personal growth
Traditional Psychoanalysis
• Insight• Catharsis• Free Association• Resistance• Transference• Dream Analysis– Wish Fulfillment
Modern Psychodynamic Approaches
• Briefer, less intense, usually directive• Ego analysis– More focus on ego, less on the id
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTHM2o3dvao
Client-Centered Therapy
• Carl Rogers• Provide insight into
parts of us we have disowned so we may feel whole
• Warm, therapeutic atmosphere– Unconditional positive
regard– Empathy– Genuineness
Gestalt Therapy
• Fritz Perls• Integrate conflicting parts of the personality• Directive, focused on the here and now
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwM84AgJFoA
Behavior Therapy
• Apply principles of learning to directly promote desired behavioral changes– Conditioning and observational learning– Discontinue self-defeating behaviors
Fear-Reduction Methods
• Systematic desensitization– Confront hierarchy of stimuli– Counterconditioning– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wE5F-
FjbTRk&list=PL3AC40D10064B1D57
• Virtual Therapy• Modeling– Observational learning
Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
• EMDR – used to treat stress disorders• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=bqbFIj5vwmA• Research does not explain why it works– Are the eye movements necessary?– May have to do with relationship with therapist
and exposure to trauma while believing it can be managed
Aversive Conditioning
• Pair an aversive stimuli with the unwanted impulse– Used to eliminate unwanted habits and antisocial
behaviors http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NaP19C0WOI
Truth or Fiction?
• Smoking cigarettes can be an effective method for helping people stop smoking cigarettes.
Truth or Fiction?
• Smoking cigarettes can be an effective method for helping people stop smoking cigarettes.
• TRUE!
Operant Conditioning
• Token economyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=tfSZ87HkTOo• Successive approximationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=sOP6mwg5iAw• Biofeedback traininghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=TR50BRecpbg
Social Skills Training
• Decrease social anxiety and build social skills through operant conditioning techniques– Self-monitoring, behavior rehearsal, and feedbackhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2Upy0zbgy4
Learning Outcomes - Wednesday
• Define cognitive therapy and describe Beck’s approach and REBT
• Identify various types of group therapy and discuss their advantages and disadvantages
• Explain whether psychotherapy works and who benefits from it
• Describe methods of biological therapy - their benefits and side effects
Cognitive Therapy
• Changing beliefs, attitudes, and automatic types of thinking that create and compound problems– Awareness of current cognitionsCBT:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5juIXl9KGRc
Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
• Client confronts feelings and beliefs that make no sense
• Become aware of cognitive errors
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
• Albert Ellis• Challenge irrational beliefs– Need for love and approval of others– Need to prove oneself to be thoroughly
competent, adequate, achieving– Ellis:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KS9NezArg0
Group Therapies
• Advantages– Economical– More experiences for client to draw upon– Social support of the group– Affiliation with people with similar problems– Improvement provides hope for others– Practice social skills in safe environment
• Disadvantages– Unable to express feelings to group
Group Therapies
• Couple therapy– Improve communication and manage conflict– Cognitive behavioral approach
• Family therapy– Systems approach
• Self-help and support groups– Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
Truth or Fiction?
• There is no scientific evidence that psychotherapy helps people with psychological disorders.
Truth or Fiction?
• There is no scientific evidence that psychotherapy helps people with psychological disorders.
• FICTION!
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
• Meta-analysis – People who obtain psychotherapy of client-
centered therapies fare better than those who do not
– Must consider type of therapy; type of problem; and type of patient
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
• Cognitive therapies– Best used for anxiety and depression– Also used with personality disorders
Evidence –Based Practices
• Use of random controlled experiments (RCEs)– May favor cognitive-behavioral therapies– May not capture the complexity of clients in
community settings
Ethnicity and Psychotherapy
• Ethnic minority groups in US less likely than European Americans to seek therapy– Not aware of helpfulness of therapy– Lack of information on services– Distrust of professionals– Language barriers
Ethnicity and Psychotherapy
• Ethnic minority groups in US less likely than European Americans to seek therapy– Reluctance to open up to strangers– Cultural inclinations toward other approaches– Negative experiences
Ethnicity and Psychotherapy
• African Americans – reluctant to seek help; suspicious of therapist
• Asian Americans – stigmatize people with disorders therefore deny problems
• Latino/Latina Americans – value of family interdependence conflicts with goal for self-reliance
• Native Americans – Disruption of traditional culture
Drug Therapy
• Antianxiety Drugs– Rebound anxiety
• Antipsychotic Drugs• Antidepressants– Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors
• Mood stabilizers
Other Biological Therapies
• Electroconvulsive Therapy– Side effects include memory problems
• Psychosurgery– Prefrontal lobotomy– Pioneered by Antonio Egas Moniz
Truth or Fiction?
• The originator of a surgical technique to reduce violence learned that it was not always successful when one of his patients shot him.
Truth or Fiction?
• The originator of a surgical technique to reduce violence learned that it was not always successful when one of his patients shot him.
• TRUE!
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