Chapter 1

The study of Biology is the study

of living things , the environment

and the interaction between living

things and the environment.

Scientific skill

Science process skills

Manipulative skills

Scientific skill encompass science process skill and manipulative skill.

ObservingClassifying

Interpreting dataPredicting

CommunicatingHypothesizingExperimenting

Is a systematic way of carrying out a scientific investigation. the step in a scientific

method include

Observation the situation.

forming a question about the problem

which shows the effect of the manipulated variable on the responding variable.

A hypothesis is a statement that answer the question posed by the problem .

It shows the relationship between the manipulated variable and responding variable.

Involves collecting the relevant information about an experiment, determining the apparatus and materials needed and planning the procedure of the experiment.

Determine a manipulated variables ,a responding variables and fixed variables.

Handle science apparatus and laboratory substances correctly. All apparatus must be cleaned and kept in the right places.

Data are obtained by means of observation and measurement

Presented in the form of a table, graph and diagram

Data are present in the form of a table which allow one to see the results in an organized manner.

Sometimes , in order to produce an accurate data of what is observed, a realistic and simple diagram can be drawn.

The relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable is determined.

Find a link or relationship between information gathered and the problem that is being investigated.

The conclusion of the investigation is formed based on the hypothesis .

State whether the hypothesis is accepted or rejected in the conclusion.

A complete report based on the findings made during experiment must be present accurately.

A framework of a report as follows:

Being objectiveAppreciating the contribution of science and

technologyThinking rationallyBeing cooperativeBeing fair and honest

Objective:Problem statement:Hypothesis:Variables:Materials and apparatus:Technique:Procedure:Results:Discussion:Conclusion:

Objective: the study of the effect of the load of school bags on the rate of heartbeat of student.

Problem statement : what is the effect of the load of school bags on the rate of heart beat of student.

Hypothesis : the heavier the load of school bags, the faster the rate of heartbeat of students.

Variables Manipulated variables:Responding variables:Fixed variables:

Technique :Calculating of the rate of heartbeat

Procedure : 1.The student are divided into 4 group.

A) Group 1 :- control ( no books in the bag)

B) group 2 – carried 2 kg of books in the bag

C) group 3- carried 4 kg of books in the bag

D) group 4- carried 6 kg of books in the bag

2. Each member of the group had a to walk for a distance of 100m.

3. The number of heartbeat per minute of each student was counted and recorded.

4. A bar chart was drawn to show the results.

Result :Result :

GROUP

BEFORE CARRYING THE BOOK

AFTER CARRYING THE BOOK

1

2

3

4

RATE OF HEART BEAT

Conclusion : When the load of the school bag increases, the rate of heartbeat also increases. Hypothesis is accepted.