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A 30 minute overview of migrants in China
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© Compassion for Migrant Children
BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
Changing Landscapes Trends and Their Effect on Society TodayChina’s Moving Population
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010 BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
The Global ContextHow are we a part of a larger phenomenon?
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IntroductionCompassion for Migrant Children BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
Source: UN-‐HABITAT
One in six people worldwide live in slum
dwellings.
By 2020 it will be one in three.
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
The Third World cities and their slums grew quickly in the second half of the twentieth century.
The Global Context of the Migrant Slum Issue
Source: Planet of Slums, page 50-‐51
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
The Global Context of the Migrant Slum Issue
Source: Slum dwellers estimates country level, Gora Mboup, Senior Demographic and Health Expert, GUO
10
Developed countries
5%
Asia60%
Distribution of slum dwellers by region
Sub-Saharan Africa18%Latin-America &
Carribean15 %
The Targets:Distribution of 100 million slum dwellers targeted for improvement by 2020
Slum Per Cent of Population World's(thousands) Slum Dwellers
WORLD 100,000 100.0%
Developed regions 5,852 5.9%
Europe 3,578 3.6%Other 2,273 2.3%
Developing regions 94,148 94.1%
Northern Africa 2,311 2.3%Sub-Saharan Africa 17,988 18.0%Latin America and the Caribbean 13,806 13.8%Eastern Asia 20,977 21.0%South-central Asia 28,394 28.4%South-eastern Asia 6,145 6.1%Western Asia 4,473 4.5%Oceania 54 0.1%
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© Compassion for Migrant Children
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
China’s cities are developing at an unprecedented rate
Between 2000 and 2030, the urban areas of the developing countries will absorb 95 percent of world’s population growth. Excessive levels of urbanization in relation to the economic growth have resulted in high levels of urban poverty and rapid expansion of unplanned urban settlements and slums, which are characterized by a lack of basic infrastructure and services, overcrowding and substandard housing conditions. Slums have wide adverse impacts on people and the society.UN-‐HABITAT
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010 BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
The China ContextWhat is China’s story?
© Compassion for Migrant Children
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010 BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
1990 2000 2015
50%
36%26%
50%
64%74%
Population Shift: From Rural to Urban
Rural Urban
© Compassion for Migrant Children
BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
25million migrant children in China
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250million migrants
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
Overview
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Massive migration in China from the poor countryside to the burgeoning cities is unprecedented in human history
More migrants are coming every day to seek a better life for their children
China’s thriving economy is built on the backs of migrant workers
Beijing is home to 5 million migrant workers and 500,000 migrant children Xinhua, 2007; Global Envision, 2007
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
While China’s development is offering tremendous opportunities to those from its countryside, it also presents new challenges and uncertainties to those who choose to take the risk of moving their families to the urban centers. Migration to cities could prove to be a great blessing or a great threat to China’s surge towards a harmonious society.
Overview
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010 BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
5 Issues...Through the Lives of
5 Migrants
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ISSUE EDUCATIONName Unknown, Shanghai
65% of migrant teachers have never taught before which leads to poor quality of education. Most migrant children
attend unlicensed private schools because they can’t access public schools.
65%
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ISSUE HEALTHZhao Chun, Beijing
Not only do internal migrants face greater occupational hazards, but more than 80 percent lack
health insurance.
80%
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ISSUE EMPLOYMENTZai Yang, Beijing
In 2009, one in five migrant workers could not find work or had been laid off, a situation which has the
potential to lead to great social unrest.
1 in 5
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ISSUE HOUSINGJin Rei, Beijing
In Shanghai, migrant workers occupy an average of less than seven square meters per person and, in extreme cases, only
two square meters.
7 m2
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ISSUE SOCIAL EXCLUSIONUnknown Name, Beijing
In a recent survey, only 63 percent of migrant children believed they were a useful person and only about 70
percent of migrant children felt happy about their lives.
63%
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
These combined factors are creating a situation which is unsustainable in the long run and need to be addressed by the government, the public, and non-‐governmental organizations if there is to be a China in which basic rights are equally extended to each of its citizens.
Overview
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
500,000,000 billion+
Half a billion more from the countryside seen going urban in the next 30 years in China. There are already 250 million migrants in the cities.
Source: http://china.globaltimes.cn/society/2010-‐02/507860.html
The rapidly converging forces of soon-‐to-‐be a half billion migrants, 58 million left-‐behind children, the one child policy, and competition for resources is creating an environment that is exciting but fraught with challenges that call for bold, consistent, and effective responses.
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
Source: McKinsey
By 2030, 15% of the world’s
population will have moved from the countryside to the urban areas and most of this within the borders of China
© Compassion for Migrant Children
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
1949Initially the 1949 Chinese Revolution opened city gates to returning refugees and job-‐hungry peasant ex-‐soldiers. The result was an uncontrolled inundation of the cities: some 14 million people arrived in just four years.
1953Finally, in 1953 the new regime dammed the rural flood with stringent controls over internal migration. Maoism simultaneously privileged the urban proletariat -‐ beneficiaries of the iron rice bowl and cradle-‐to-‐grave welfare -‐ and tightly constrained urban population growth through the adoption of a household registration system (hukou) that tied social citizenship to sedentary membership in a work unit. Most urban shantytowns were abolished by 1960.
1960sIn the early 1960s, huge numbers of unregistered urban immigrants -‐ some estimates are as high as 50 million -‐ were deported back to their villages.
1980sThe Chinese state alone in the developing world during the 1980s and 1990s managed to construct vast quantities of decent mass housing, called the “unsung revolution”. Even so, it fell far short of the needs of tens of millions of peasants moving to the cities.
China’s Historical Context
Source: Planet of Slums, page 53, 54, 62
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
Because they fill the existing labor gaps, migrant workers often find jobs referred to as the “three Ds” jobs: dirty, dangerous, or degrading
Overview
three Ds
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
Inevitably, their children are the ones who pay the highest price. With no support network in the new city and parents working long hours every day, they are at risk of becoming the “forgotten” children of China. As a result of China’s unique registration system (hukou), which ties each citizen to their place of birth, these children often end up on the fringes of society.
Overview
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010 BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
The China ContextWhat is China’s story?
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
Incentives to Migrate
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Better Employment Opportunities (increased agricultural productivity led to labor surplus in the country side)
Higher Wages (a large differential in living standards)
Increased Mobility in the 1980s
The future of their children
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
• The hukou system still ties migrant workers to their original rural residence and excludes them from
health care, education, and social security, among other social services in the cities; think of it as a
social security card that can only be used in your birthplace
• Limited political participation and collective action
• Weak legal protection
• Poor access to housing
• Largely excluded from accessing public education
• Social discrimination and cultural exclusion – majority of urban dwellers consider migrants to be
socially and culturally inferior (“meiyou wenhua”)
• The cheap labor of the migrant workers is welcomed, but their accompanying presence is not
• Little resources to live as an equal to the urban dwellers
Obstacles to Integration
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
• Despite the de facto second-‐tier citizenship, migrant workers continue to flow into the cities in
search of better economic opportunities . Despite the low quality of the working conditions, they
are often able to send much more money home than if they had remained to work their lands.
• Interestingly enough, we have found that there are several social class distinctions even within the
migrant community itself. Those who are migrant entrepreneurs feel little in common with small
traders, migrant wage workers, and those at the bottom who collect the trash and sweep the
streets. (Li Zhang, 2001) This lends to the building of a societal framework even within these ad-‐
hoc communities.
Influx of Migrants Continues
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
• Has been many years ago that the majority migrant was a construction or factory worker. The
majority migrant now works in the service industry.
• The service industry has quickly grown out of reaction to the quickly burgeoning middle class in
China, which needs more mechanics for their more cars, more ayis to clean their homes, more
waitresses to serve them during their increased restaurant visits.
• For this reason, we don’t see migration slowing, even if the manufacturing and construction sectors
decrease in coming years.
The Service Sector
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
• Most laws relating to migrants are “grey laws”
• Public Security Bureau is appointed as lead agency on migrants; the “criminal” mentality
• 1996 and 2006 education reforms
• The education laws have had limited effect on urban governments but did cause an increase of
children leaving their parents after elementary or middle school to return to their hometowns for
“free” enrollment
• Opened up legal center in 2005 to assist migrant construction workers to obtain non-‐paid wages;
halved the amount of non-‐paid wages within one year
• Much lip service but change can’t be too far behind if “harmonious society” to be held together
• Government generally moving in the right direction
Government/Policy Landscape
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
• Migrants stabilizing in their cities
• Future migration likely to largely take place in tier 2-‐4 cities
• Increase of migrants in the service industry rather than the manufacturing industry (due to
burgeoning middle class)
• Government toying with education reforms in Shanghai (and toying a wee bit with hukou reform as
well)
• Strong entrepreneurial spirit still thriving
A Few Key Trends
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
• China government simply attempting to quietly learn how to manage; allowing NGOs to play a
role, though on a leash
• China is increasingly moving in the direction of the rule of law
• NGOs playing an increasingly important role, particularly Chinese NGOs; a genuine shift in
government stance on registration of social entities, either local or foreign (kept off balance) may
actually happen within 2 years
• Chinese media is an increasingly powerful force (ex: crackdown of summer 2006)
• Believe we will see migrants “gently” organizing themselves in “soft” groups to represent their
interests
• Education reform will likely happen (could be catch 22 for govt)
• Economic patterns show that people flow to emerging markets and naturally become a part of the
growth themselves; might be painful initially but China should not be afraid
The Next 10 Years?
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
• The PSB recently re-‐confirmed to oversee migrants registration for next years to come so no big
change here
• We believe leverage points will come in public opinion (informed by a more direct media), the
ability of migrants to form informal groups, and three-‐way collaborative initiatives between the
nonprofit, business, and government sectors which will serve to inform and catalyze stronger
government programs
• We believe we will see increasingly assertive and effective government initiatives on behalf of the
migrants
• Overall trend still uncertain, but moving in a positive direction
• Shifts are in the migrant’s favor
• Hopefully in 10 years, there will be no need for us to meet together about this particular issue:)
• What will this take?
The Next 10 Years?
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010 BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
Our vision will not be fully realized in this generation but hopefully, we can give this
generation a foothold in society so that their children can be born into a world where they don’t have to question whether they are second-‐class citizens but are able to access the best Chinese
society has to offer.
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010 BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
ResourcesReach out for more
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010 BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
Source: View on www.mrn-‐china.org
Living in the Shadows: China's Internal Migrants
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010 BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
Source: ChinaSource
China Source White Paper on Migrants
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
Migrant Resource Network Websitewww.mrn-‐china.org
Useful Websites
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December 18 Websitewww.dec18.org
Compassion for Migrant Childrenwww.cmc-‐china.org
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010 BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
A ResponseWhere to now?
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010 BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
So knowing this, do we have any responsibility? If so, what could we do?
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
Possible Responses
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Community Centers
Clean Water
Vocational Training
After School Programs
The Arts
Confidence Building
Serving Sex Workers
Etc
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
Compassion for Migrant Children (CMC) strategically builds community centers in the heart of migrant neighborhoods and provides services to over 2,800 migrant children and their family each week through an assets-‐based approach. A comprehensive system of integrated service include education (after school programs, teacher training), life-‐vocational skills training, personal development, and health. CMC is a registered nonprofit organization.
Compassion for Migrant Children
we believe in a future and a hope for every migrant child
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
CMC Community Centers
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
One Possible Solution:Shipping Container Community Centers
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
In efforts to address these key issues and challenges faced by migrant children and communities, Compassion for Migrant Children (CMC) conducts programs at our community centers that focus on education, life and vocational skills training, and personal development. In 2010, CMC looks forward to expanding our personal development initiatives and health education workshops. CMC’s core programs (After School Program, Teacher Training, and Life-‐Vocational Skills Training) address problems of low self-‐esteem, substandard education, and gaps that exist in the educational infrastructure of migrant schools. Our increasing focus on personal development will address issues of low self-‐esteem and provide parenting workshops while our upcoming health initiatives will concentrate on health awareness and education.
In addition, the overall structure of CMC’s community centers provide a safe and welcoming place for migrants and their families, free from the stigma and marginalization they often otherwise face in society. In the midst of this fractured and disenfranchised section of society, our centers offer a sense of stability, ownership, and community. The centers have become platforms of cohesion, collaboration, and creativity as migrant children, parents, and teachers come together to move towards places of greater hope.
The Problems Being Addressed
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010 BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
Economic TrendsChris Turner
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010
•China and the WTO trends -‐ now ten years in
•The RMB exchange rate revaluation (which now happened)
•The hallowed 8% of GDP each year and how this ensures
"stability”
•Affects on labor and trends in salaries for migrant workers -‐
displacement (again) and replacement flows of migrants
because of economic financial flows
The Economy
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China’s MigrantsOverview and Trends 2010 BEIJING ⏐ SHANGHAI
Q & A
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