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Changes in Europe during the 1800s
During the 1800s
STANDARD WHII.8
The student will demonstrate knowledge of political and philosophical developments in Europe during the nineteenth century by
a) assessing the impact of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna, including changes in political boundaries in Europe after 1815.
b) describing unsuccessful revolutions on the continent and political reform in the United Kingdom.
The French Revolution left a powerful legacy for world history: secular society, nationalism, and democratic ideas.
Napoleon’s attempt to unify Europe under French domination was unsuccessful.
The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic conquests.
Essential Understandings
Napoleon dominated Europe through conquest
Most of Europe came under his power
His influence was far reaching
In the end, he was unsuccessful at holding it all together
Legacy of Napoleon
His Napoleonic Code influenced the world greatly
Legacy of Napoleon
His Napoleonic Code influenced the world greatly
"My true glory is not to have won 40 battles...Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories. ... But...what will live forever, is my Civil Code."[
Legacy of Napoleon
His Napoleonic Code influenced the world greatly
"My true glory is not to have won 40 battles...Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories. ... But...what will live forever, is my Civil Code.“
He introduced his set of laws to all the nations he conquered
Legacy of Napoleon
His Napoleonic Code influenced the world greatly
"My true glory is not to have won 40 battles...Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories. ... But...what will live forever, is my Civil Code.“
He introduced his set of laws to all the nations he conquered
Even after his death, the nations kept his code!
Legacy of Napoleon
Legacy of Napoleon He unified Europe
Europe used to be controlled by the Catholic Church known as the Holy Roman Empire
Ever since Martin Luther, Europe was becoming more secular
Napoleon forced the Holy Roman Empire to be dissolved
Legacy of Napoleon
The Holy Roman Empire controlled much of Europe
They were strict
They kept the nations of Europe divided to easily control them
Legacy of Napoleon
The nations of Europe became inspired to divide their land differently
Who became ruler of France as a result of the French Revolution?
A Louis XVI
B Henry IV
C Napoleon Bonaparte
D Marie Antoinette
SOL Question…
Which of Napoleon’s achievements influences governments today?
A The conquest of Portugal
B The unification of Europe
C The codification of the law
D The restoration of the monarchy
SOL Question…
Congress of Vienna
Many ambassadors from all over Europe came together to meet about their continent
Congress of Vienna
Many ambassadors from all over Europe came together to meet about their continent
This meeting was called the Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna
Many ambassadors from all over Europe came together to meet about their continent
This meeting was called the Congress of Vienna
It was the first time in history that this many nations came together to discuss treaties and borders
Congress of Vienna
Many ambassadors from all over Europe came together to meet about their continent
This meeting was called the Congress of Vienna
It was the first time in history that this many nations came together to discuss treaties and borders
All the members came to agreement
Congress of Vienna
•New nations were created based on common nationalities
• A new map was created
Congress of Vienna
•New nations were created based on common nationalities
• A new map was created
Congress of Vienna
Nationality
A body of people sharing common descent, history, language, etc.
Congress of Vienna
•New nations were created based on common nationalities
• A new map was created
Congress of Vienna
•New nations were created based on common nationalities
• A new map was created
•All nations attempted to keep a “Balance of Power”
Congress of Vienna
•New nations were created based on common nationalities
• A new map was created
•All nations attempted to keep a “Balance of Power”
Congress of Vienna
Balance of Power
All nations should have equal power, no nation should be able to become strong
enough to force itself on the rest
•New nations were created based on common nationalities
• A new map was created
•All nations attempted to keep a “Balance of Power”
• Each nation believed no other nation should be able to become strong enough to force itself on the rest
•This working together became known as the “Concert of Europe”
Congress of Vienna
•New nations were created based on common nationalities
• A new map was created
•All nations attempted to keep a “Balance of Power”
• Each nation believed no other nation should be able to become strong enough to force itself on the rest
•This working together became known as the “Concert of Europe”
•Many monarchies (kings and queens) returned to power
Congress of Vienna
During the Congress of Vienna, what was the goal of the “balance of power” doctrine?
A Granting equal voting rights to all citizens
B Dividing authority between kings and parliaments
C Preventing one nation from becoming more powerful than others
D Sharing power between nations and religious institutions
SOL Question…
• Not everyone was happy with the Congress of Vienna!
• Nationalism was a powerful force behind European politics during the nineteenth century.
• The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially in Italy and the German states.
The Rest of Europe!
•Though many nations were united, several were still divided
• The German states (with a common language and heritage) were divided
The Rest of Europe!
•Though many nations were united, several were still divided
• The German states (with a common language and heritage) were divided
The Rest of Europe!
•Though many nations were united, several were still divided
• The German states (with a common language and heritage) were divided
• The Italian states (known as the Papal States) also remained divided
The Rest of Europe!
•Though many nations were united, several were still divided
• The German states (with a common language and heritage) were divided
• The Italian states (known as the Papal States) also remained divided
The Rest of Europe!
Papal States
Territories in the Italian peninsula under the direct rule of the Pope
•Though many nations were united, several were still divided
• The German states (with a common language and heritage) were divided
• The Italian states (known as the Papal States) also remained divided
The Rest of Europe!
•Widespread demands for political rights led to revolutions and legislative actions in Europe.
The Rest of Europe!
• In contrast to continental Europe, the United Kingdom expanded political rights through legislative means and made slavery illegal in the British Empire.
• England did NOT have a revolution
• They changed society to allow more equality and created voting reform
The Rest of Europe!
What was the legacy of Napoleon?
What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna?
Essential Questions
STANDARD WHII.8c, d
The student will demonstrate knowledge of political and philosophical developments in Europe during the nineteenth century by
c) explaining events related to the unification of Italy and the role of Italian nationalists;
d) explaining events related to the unification of Germany and the role of Bismarck.
Unification of Italy
Count Cavour unified Northern Italy.
Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy.
The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy.
Unification of Germany
Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings.
Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example of Realpolitik, which justifies all means to achieve and hold power.
The Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of the German state.
Essential Knowledge
Italy and Germany became nation-states
long after the rest of Europe.
Essential Understandings
Italy was divided into the Papal States still based on the old Roman Empire
Italy
Italy was divided into the Papal States still based on the old Roman Empire
Italy
Italy was divided into the Papal States still based on the old Roman Empire
These states were controlled by the country of Austria
Italy
Italy was divided into the Papal States still based on the old Roman Empire
These states were controlled by the country of Austria
Italy
Italy was divided into the Papal States still based on the old Roman Empire
These states were controlled by the country of Austria
Italy Not Australia!
Italy was divided into the Papal States still based on the old Roman Empire
These states were controlled by the country of Austria
Italy
Not Australia!
Camillo di Cavour became the leader of the Italian state of the Kingdom of Sardinia
Italy
Camillo di Cavour became the leader of the Italian state of the Kingdom of Sardinia
Italy
Cavour joined with the leader of France to fight Austria for independence!
Italy
Cavour joined with the leader of France to fight Austria for independence!
The French cut a deal with Austria and turned against Cavour
Italy
Cavour joined with the leader of France to fight Austria for independence!
The French cut a deal with Austria and turned against Cavour… he was left to fight on his own
Italy
Soon, Cavour won and united all of Northern Italy
Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Lead an army to conquer the Austrian control of southern Italy
Italy
Italy The two men would soon combine the north and south of Italy
Italy The two men would soon combine the north and south of Italy
Italy The Papal States were the last to join, but soon all of Italy was united
This square was named for the –
A Noble who unified the states of northern Italy
B General who led Italian troops during World War I
C Sculptor who contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance
D Pope who took office just after the Protestant Reformation
SOL Question…
This person is important because he —
A convinced the Papal States to support independence for Italy
B developed the Italian fascism adopted after World War I
C conquered southern Italy to unite it with northern Italy
D commanded the Italian forces during World War I
SOL Question…
Giuseppe Garibaldi played a major role in the —
A forming of the Kingdom of Sardinia
B unification of Italy
C strengthening of the powers of the Pope
D destruction of the Italian republican movement
SOL Question…
Germany was divided into several states
Germany
Germany was divided into several states
Prussia was the largest
Germany
Otto von Bismarck
Germany
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia – the head of the government
Germany
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia – the head of the government
He believed in ruling with an iron fist
Germany
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia – the head of the government
He believed in ruling with an iron fist
This is known as “Realpolitik”
Germany
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia – the head of the government
He believed in ruling with an iron fist
Germany
Realpolitik
Doing anything to hold power
Prussia was at war with the Austrians and the French also
Germany
Prussia was at war with the Austrians and the French also
Bismarck’s armies defeated both and he united the German lands under the German empire
Germany
Prussia was at war with the Austrians and the French also
Bismarck’s armies defeated both and he united the German lands under the German empire
The ruler of Germany became known as the Kaiser
Germany
Prussia was at war with the Austrians and the French also
His armies defeated both and he united the German lands under the German empire
The ruler of Germany became known as the Kaiser
The only German land he could not unite with the rest of Germany was Austria
Germany
AUSTRIA
What term is used to describe Bismarck’s beliefs expressed in this quote?
A Realpolitik
B Perestroika
C Imperialism
D Appeasement
SOL Question…
“The sun never sets on the British Empire”
Great Britain
“The sun never sets on the British Empire”
Britain’s empire had grown so large, the sun was always shining on some part of it
Great Britain
“The sun never sets on the British Empire”
Britain’s empire had grown so large, the sun was always shining on some part of it
Great Britain
“The sun never sets on the British Empire”
Britain’s empire had grown so large, the sun was always shining on some part of it
After the American Revolution and the War of 1812, Britain didn’t want any more large wars
They gave Canada the right to “Self-rule”
Great Britain
“The sun never sets on the British Empire”
Britain’s empire had grown so large, the sun was always shining on some part of it
After the American Revolution and the War of 1812, Britain didn’t want any more large wars
Great Britain
Self-Rule
A country can rule itself in almost all matters!
These countries became part of the huge British Empire, but all were given the right of self-rule
Great Britain
Canada is given
self-rule
These countries became part of the huge British Empire, but all were given the right of self-rule
Great Britain Australia:
Originally a prisoner
colony
Gold is found in 1851, thousands
rush in
The native Aborigines were moved and died
from disease
Canada is
given self-rule
These countries became part of the huge British Empire, but all were given the right of self-rule
Great Britain
Canada is
given self-rule
Australia:
Originally a prisoner colony
Gold is found in 1851, thousands
rush in
The native Aborigines were moved and died
from disease
New Zealand:
Native inhabitants – Maori – give
British control of the island
These countries became part of the huge British Empire, but all were given the right of self-rule
Great Britain Australia:
Originally a prisoner
colony
Gold is found in 1851, thousands
rush in
The native Aborigines were moved and died
from disease
Canada is
given self-rule
New Zealand:
Native inhabitants – Maori – give
British control of the island
Unlike the rest of Europe (they had to fight for the right to unite and rule their own countries) Britain was giving many of its countries the power to run themselves
Of course, Britain owned the countries and had the benefits of ownership
Great Britain
Essential Questions
• What events led to the unification of Italy?
• What role did Otto von Bismarck play in the unification of Germany?
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