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Cells vary in SIZE and STRUCTURE Depends on what they do. All Animal Cells have Nucleus Cytoplasm (cytosol) Cell Membrane. Cell Membrane is selectively permeable. Lipid bilayer (phospholipids) make up the membrane with proteins embedded to help regulate what comes across the membrane. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Cells vary in SIZE and STRUCTURE
Depends on what they do
All Animal Cells have
•Nucleus
•Cytoplasm (cytosol)
•Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane is selectively permeable
Lipid bilayer (phospholipids) make up the membrane with proteins embedded to help regulate what comes across the membrane
ORGANELLES- "little organs" within the cell that perform specific functions
The nucleus is to the cell what the __________is to a person.
The cell membrane is to a cell what the ________ is to a person.
•Transport system; canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within the cell
•Smooth ER (lipid synthesis)
•Rough ER (contains ribosomes for protein manufacture)
•Flattened membranes; function to package and deliver proteins produced by the ribosomes
•Proteins are exported in vesicles
•Chemical energy from food is converted to a useable form (ATP) • process is called Cellular Respiration
•The “powerhouse” of the cell
CRISTAE
•Lysosomes - contain digestive enzymes to break down substances
•Centrosome – forms a spindle during cell division
•Vesicles – packaged substances, exported
•Microfilaments and Microtubules - cell skeleton (cytoskeleton), maintains shape and functions in movement
•Cilia & Flagella
•Directs cell activities (the “brain” of the cell)
•Contains genetic information (DNA) in the form of chromatin
•Also contains a nucleolus – makes ribosomes
•Has tiny pores where RNA can exit the nucleus
•Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out
•Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion Animation
oHypertonic oHypotonicoIsotonic SALT
SUCKS
Osmosis Animation
•Active Transport Exocytosis Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
Figure 3.6, step 12Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane
Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome
Proteins in cisterna
Lysosome fuses withingested substancesMembrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 3
Pathway 2
Secretory vesicles Pathway 1
Golgiapparatus
Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle
Cisterna
Rough ER
Proteins
Secretion byexocytosis
Active Transport Processes: Endocytosis
Figure 3.13a, step 6
Recycling of membraneand receptors (if present)to plasma membrane
CytoplasmExtracellularfluid
Extracellularfluid
Plasmamembrane
Detachmentof vesicle
Vesicle containingingested material
Vesicle
Vesicle fusingwith lysosomefor digestion
Release ofcontents tocytoplasm
Lysosome
Transport to plasmamembrane andexocytosis ofvesicle contents
Plasmamembrane
Ingestedsubstance
Pit
(a)
•Mitosis = nuclear division
•Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis (cell division)
•The steps of mitosis ensure that each new cell has the exact same number of chromosomes as the original
•Interphase = growth phase, differentiation occurs
•Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase
•IPMAT
The structure of a chromosome
Centromere holds two chromatids together
1. chromosomes visible (chromatids)2. centrioles migrate to the poles3. nuclear membrane disappears4. nucleolus disappears5. spindle forms
1. chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle attaches
1. chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles
1. chromosomes disappear • chromatin2. nuclear membrane reforms3. nucleoli reappears4. spindle disappears5. centrioles duplicate
- division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells- organelles are divided- daughter cells are genetically identical
Cells return to interphase
DIFFERENTIATION
occurs as cells multiply and organism develops and grows
1.Name the phases starting at the top.
1.Name the phase2.Identify X3.Identify Y
6. Name the structure
1.Name the structure2.What is its function?
9. Which beaker(S) contains a solution that is hypertonic relative to the bag
A B C D E
10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic solutions?
Protein Synthesis
Figure 3.16
Nucleus(site of transcription)
DNA
mRNA specifyingone polypeptideis made onDNA template
mRNA leavesnucleus andattaches toribosome, andtranslationbegins
Synthetaseenzyme
Amino acids
Cytoplasm(site of translation )
Correct aminoacid attachedto each speciesof tRNA by anenzyme
Growing polypeptide chain
Nuclear pore
Nuclear membrane
mRNA
As the ribosomemoves along themRNA, a new aminoacid is added tothe growing proteinchain
Released tRNAreenters thecytoplasmicpool, ready tobe rechargedwith a newamino acid
Direction of ribosomeadvance; ribosome movesthe mRNA strand alongsequentially as each codonis read
Small ribosomalsubunit
Portion ofmRNA alreadytranslated
tRNA “head” bearinganticodon
Large ribosomal subunit
Peptide bond
Incoming tRNArecognizes acomplementarymRNA codon callingfor its amino acid bybinding via itsanticodon to thecodon
Codon
AlaPhe
Ser
Gly
Met
C G G
GU UU C UCC AA G CCA U
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