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Cells and Tissues
Plasma Membrane
• Selective permeability• Fluid-mosaic model• Important features:
• Phospholipid bilayer• Membrane proteins• Glycolipids / Glycoproteins• Microvilli
Tissue TypesTissue Types
1. Epithelial - covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts
2. Connective - protects and supports body functions in various ways
3. Muscular - generates movement force
4. Nervous - detects changes and responds
1. Epithelial - covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts
2. Connective - protects and supports body functions in various ways
3. Muscular - generates movement force
4. Nervous - detects changes and responds
Primary Germ LayersPrimary Germ Layers
Ectoderm - Epithelial and Nervous
Mesoderm - Epithelial, Connective and most Muscle
Endoderm - Epithelial
Ectoderm - Epithelial and Nervous
Mesoderm - Epithelial, Connective and most Muscle
Endoderm - Epithelial
Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue
Cells closely packed in sheets Apical (free) and basal surfaces
(basement membrane) Avascular High rate of cell division Two types:
Covering and lining epithelium Glandular epithelium
Cells closely packed in sheets Apical (free) and basal surfaces
(basement membrane) Avascular High rate of cell division Two types:
Covering and lining epithelium Glandular epithelium
Covering and Lining EpitheliumCovering and Lining Epithelium
Simple SquamousSimple Squamous
Filtration, diffusion, secretion
Endothelium of heart and vessels
Alveoli Serous membranes
Filtration, diffusion, secretion
Endothelium of heart and vessels
Alveoli Serous membranes
Simple CuboidalSimple Cuboidal
Secretion and absorption
Some glands and ducts
Secretion and absorption
Some glands and ducts
Simple ColumnarSimple Columnar
Goblet cells Nonciliated
Microvilli GI tract, ducts of
glands Ciliated
Upper resp., uterus and fallopian tubes, central canal of spinal
Goblet cells Nonciliated
Microvilli GI tract, ducts of
glands Ciliated
Upper resp., uterus and fallopian tubes, central canal of spinal
Pseudostratified ColumnarPseudostratified Columnar
Nuclei at different levels, not all cells reach apical
Secretion and movement of mucus
Ex. Upper respiratory passages
Nuclei at different levels, not all cells reach apical
Secretion and movement of mucus
Ex. Upper respiratory passages
Stratified SquamousStratified Squamous
Protection Skin, mouth,
esophagus, vagina, tongue
Protection Skin, mouth,
esophagus, vagina, tongue
Stratified CuboidalStratified Cuboidal
Secretion and absorption
Ducts of sweat and esophageal glands
Secretion and absorption
Ducts of sweat and esophageal glands
Stratified ColumnarStratified Columnar
Protection and secretion
Urethra, large excretory ducts
Protection and secretion
Urethra, large excretory ducts
TransitionalTransitional
Distension Urinary
bladder, some of ureters and urethra
Distension Urinary
bladder, some of ureters and urethra
Glandular EpitheliumGlandular Epithelium
Gland Single or multicelled Endocrine - secrete hormones into
interstitial fluid and then blood (ex. Thyroid, pituitary)
Exocrine - secrete via ducts (ex. Sweat, salivary)
Some are both! (Pancreas, testes, ovaries)
Gland Single or multicelled Endocrine - secrete hormones into
interstitial fluid and then blood (ex. Thyroid, pituitary)
Exocrine - secrete via ducts (ex. Sweat, salivary)
Some are both! (Pancreas, testes, ovaries)
Connective TissueConnective Tissue
Various functions Living cells in nonliving extracellular
matrix Cells secrete matrix Usually highly vascular (except
cartilage)
Various functions Living cells in nonliving extracellular
matrix Cells secrete matrix Usually highly vascular (except
cartilage)
Extracellular MatrixExtracellular Matrix
Ground Substance Medium between cells and fibers Water and large organic molecules
Fibers Collagen - most areas but especially bone, cart.,
tendons, and ligaments Elastic - skin, vessels, lungs Reticular - stroma of organs, basement membrane
Ground Substance Medium between cells and fibers Water and large organic molecules
Fibers Collagen - most areas but especially bone, cart.,
tendons, and ligaments Elastic - skin, vessels, lungs Reticular - stroma of organs, basement membrane
Loose Connective: AreolarLoose Connective: Areolar
Subcutaneous layer, lamina propria
Strength, support
Subcutaneous layer, lamina propria
Strength, support
Loose: AdiposeLoose: Adipose
Subcutaneous, joint padding, heart and kidney capsules, yellow marrow
Energy reserve, support and protection, reduce heat loss
Adipocytes
Subcutaneous, joint padding, heart and kidney capsules, yellow marrow
Energy reserve, support and protection, reduce heat loss
Adipocytes
Dense RegularDense Regular
Tendons and most ligaments
Attachment
Tendons and most ligaments
Attachment
Dense ElasticDense Elastic
Lungs, arteries, resp. passages
Stretching
Lungs, arteries, resp. passages
Stretching
CartilageCartilage
Collagen and elastic fibers in gel-like matrix
Chondrocytes in lacunae Perichondrium Hyaline, elastic, and
fibrocartilage
Collagen and elastic fibers in gel-like matrix
Chondrocytes in lacunae Perichondrium Hyaline, elastic, and
fibrocartilage
Hyaline CartilageHyaline Cartilage
Ends of long bones, nose, resp.passages embryonic and fetal skeleton
Flexibility and support
Ends of long bones, nose, resp.passages embryonic and fetal skeleton
Flexibility and support
FibrocartilageFibrocartilage
Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee
Support and fusion
Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee
Support and fusion
Elastic CartilageElastic Cartilage
Epiglottis, auricles, auditory tubes
Support and shape
Epiglottis, auricles, auditory tubes
Support and shape
Compact BoneCompact Bone
Support, protection, storage, blood formation, levers for movement
Osteocytes
Support, protection, storage, blood formation, levers for movement
Osteocytes
BloodBlood
Transport Immunity Clotting Fluid matrix
(Plasma) Erythrocytes,
leukocytes, thrombocytes
Transport Immunity Clotting Fluid matrix
(Plasma) Erythrocytes,
leukocytes, thrombocytes
Nervous TissueNervous Tissue
Conducts electrical signals
Neurons and neuroglia
Conducts electrical signals
Neurons and neuroglia
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
Voluntary contraction
Multinucleated Striated Cells = Fibers
Voluntary contraction
Multinucleated Striated Cells = Fibers
Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle
Involuntary contraction
Nonstriated Spindle-shaped
cells GI Tract, blood
vessels, etc.
Involuntary contraction
Nonstriated Spindle-shaped
cells GI Tract, blood
vessels, etc.
Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle
Involuntary contraction
Striated Branching cells w/
intercalated discs Heart
(Myocardium)
Involuntary contraction
Striated Branching cells w/
intercalated discs Heart
(Myocardium)
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