CELLS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

CELLS AND THEIR CELLS AND THEIR FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

“I CAN’T IMAGINE A PERSON BECOMING A SUCCESS WHO DOESN’T GIVE THIS GAME OF LIFE EVERYTHING HE’S

GOT.” WALTER KRONKITE

CELL STRUCTURE – SEE TABLE 3-1CELL STRUCTURE – SEE TABLE 3-1PAGE 38 MEMMLERPAGE 38 MEMMLER

PLASMA MEMBRANENUCLEUSCYTOPLASMSURFACE ORGANELLESCELLULAR DIVERSITY

PROTEIN SYNTHESISPROTEIN SYNTHESIS

NUCLEIC ACIDS – DNA, RNADNA – CHROMOSOMES IN THE NUCLEUS

◦ADENINE (A)◦THYMINE (T)◦GUANINE (G)◦CYTOSINE (C)◦DOUBLE HELIX W/ H+ BONDS

RNA – IN CYTOPLASM (Mrna, Rrna, Trna)◦ADENINE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE◦THYMINE IS REPLACED BY URACIL (U)◦SINGLE STRAND

Build a protein strandBuild a protein strand

EVERYBODY UP!!!! WE ARE GOING TO BUILD A STRAND OF

PROTEIN

CELL DIVISIONCELL DIVISION

MITOSIS VS MEIOSISINTERPHASEPROPHASEMETAPHASEANAPHASETELEPHASEROLE OF THE CENTROMERES

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCESMOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCESSEE TABLE 3-4 PAGE 49SEE TABLE 3-4 PAGE 49

PASSIVE MOVEMENT◦SIMPLE DIFFUSION◦OSMOSIS◦FILTRATION◦FACILITATED DIFFUSION

ACTIVE TRANSPORT◦NEED PROTEIN ‘GATE KEEPERS’◦SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY◦ENDOCYTOSIS – PHAGOCYTOSIS & PINOCYTOSIS◦EXOCYTOSIS

TONICITY TONICITY

ISOTONIC – SAME SOLUTE CONCENTRATION AS OUR BODY(0.9% NS)

HYPOTONIC – LESS SOLUTE IN SOLUTION THAN OUR BODY; FREES UP WATER TO GO TO CELL; TOO MUCH = HEMOLYSIS (0.45% NaCl)

HYPERTONIC – MORE SOLUTE THAN OUR BODY; PULLS WATER TOWARD IT; TOO MUCH DEHYDRATED CELL = CRENATION (3% NaCl)

ORGANELLES

Golgi apparatus – the “UPS” of the cell; packages the items for transport in and out of the cell

Mitochondria – the “Mighty” power house that makes energy (ATP) from the glucose

Lysomes – clean up the cell waste (garbage men); think Lysol

Centrioles – necessary for reproductionPeroxisomes – Clean up hazardous

material (HAZ MAT team)

ORGANELLES – CONT’D

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – makes and packages fats

Rough endoplasmic reticulum – makes proteins

Ribosomes – make proteinsVacuoles – empty cargo containersVesicles – carrier of solutes within the cell;

could be storage or for movement to cell side for exocytosis

CELL AGING AND CANCER RISKSCELL AGING AND CANCER RISKS

LIMITED NUMBER OF CELL DIVISIONSMUTATIONS CAN OCCUR DURING

DIVISIONTHESE MUTATIONS MAY CAUSE A CELL TO

DIVIDE FOREVERRISK FACTORS: HEREDITY (BRACA1) , CHEMICAL EXPOSURE,

IONIZING RADIATION (XRAYS, SUN), PHYSICAL IRRITATION, DIET, VIRUSES (HPV)

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYMEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

CYT/O-MICR/O-BI--SOME, SOM/A- CHROM/O-END/O-LYS/O-INTER-

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYMEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

CYT/O-MICR/O-BI--SOME, SOM/A- CHROM/O-END/O-LYS/O-INTER-PRO-META-

ANA- TEL/E-SEMI-PHAG/O-PIN/O-EX/O-ISO-HYPO-HYPER-CARCIN/O--GEN