Cell Structure and Function Chapter 5 OrganellesOrganelles There are many small structures located...

Cell Structure and Cell Structure and FunctionFunctionChapter 5Chapter 5

OrganellesOrganellesOrganellesOrganelles• There are many There are many small structuressmall structures located inside the cell.located inside the cell.

• These structures are called These structures are called organellesorganelles (little organs). (little organs).

• These organelles perform These organelles perform functionsfunctions that keep the cell that keep the cell alive.alive.

• Some organelles are found Some organelles are found onlyonly in plant cells, and only in in plant cells, and only in animal cells.animal cells.

• There are many There are many small structuressmall structures located inside the cell.located inside the cell.

• These structures are called These structures are called organellesorganelles (little organs). (little organs).

• These organelles perform These organelles perform functionsfunctions that keep the cell that keep the cell alive.alive.

• Some organelles are found Some organelles are found onlyonly in plant cells, and only in in plant cells, and only in animal cells.animal cells.

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•Answer questions in Answer questions in UPCO page 65, # UPCO page 65, # 1,2.1,2.

Cell MembraneCell MembraneCell MembraneCell Membrane• Also called Also called plasma membraneplasma membrane..• Acts as a Acts as a barrierbarrier between the between the cell and the outside environment.cell and the outside environment.

• Maintains the Maintains the shapeshape of the cell. of the cell.• ProtectsProtects the cell. the cell.• Is a Is a phospholipid bi-layerphospholipid bi-layer (fluid (fluid mosaic model).mosaic model).

• Is Is semi-permeablesemi-permeable (allows only (allows only certain things in or out of the certain things in or out of the cell).cell).

• Aids in maintaining Aids in maintaining homeostasishomeostasis..

• Also called Also called plasma membraneplasma membrane..• Acts as a Acts as a barrierbarrier between the between the cell and the outside environment.cell and the outside environment.

• Maintains the Maintains the shapeshape of the cell. of the cell.• ProtectsProtects the cell. the cell.• Is a Is a phospholipid bi-layerphospholipid bi-layer (fluid (fluid mosaic model).mosaic model).

• Is Is semi-permeablesemi-permeable (allows only (allows only certain things in or out of the certain things in or out of the cell).cell).

• Aids in maintaining Aids in maintaining homeostasishomeostasis..

Cell MembraneCell MembraneCell MembraneCell Membrane

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Answer questions in Answer questions in UPCO, page 67, # 1,2 UPCO, page 67, # 1,2 (top).(top).

Cell Membrane- Cell Membrane- Let’s go to the Let’s go to the

VideoVideo

Cell Membrane- Cell Membrane- Let’s go to the Let’s go to the

VideoVideo

Passive TransportPassive TransportPassive TransportPassive Transport• Is the passage if materials into and Is the passage if materials into and out of the cell out of the cell without the use of without the use of energyenergy..

• Most commonly involves Most commonly involves DiffusionDiffusion..• Osmosis Osmosis is diffusion through water.is diffusion through water.• Diffusion is the movement of Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of molecules from an area of higher higher concentration toconcentration to an area of lower an area of lower concentrationconcentration..

• EquilibriumEquilibrium is reached when the two is reached when the two areas (high and low concentration) areas (high and low concentration) become become equal concentrationsequal concentrations..

• The The concentration gradientconcentration gradient is the is the differencedifference between the concentration between the concentration of two areas.of two areas.

• Is the passage if materials into and Is the passage if materials into and out of the cell out of the cell without the use of without the use of energyenergy..

• Most commonly involves Most commonly involves DiffusionDiffusion..• Osmosis Osmosis is diffusion through water.is diffusion through water.• Diffusion is the movement of Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of molecules from an area of higher higher concentration toconcentration to an area of lower an area of lower concentrationconcentration..

• EquilibriumEquilibrium is reached when the two is reached when the two areas (high and low concentration) areas (high and low concentration) become become equal concentrationsequal concentrations..

• The The concentration gradientconcentration gradient is the is the differencedifference between the concentration between the concentration of two areas.of two areas.

Let’s go to the Let’s go to the Video!Video!

Active TransportActive TransportActive TransportActive Transport• Cellular Cellular energyenergy is used to move is used to move particles through a membrane.particles through a membrane.

• This movement is from This movement is from lowerlower concentration to higher concentration to higher concentrationconcentration..

• It is against the concentration It is against the concentration gradient.gradient.

• PinocytosisPinocytosis- large - large dissolveddissolved molecules are taken into the cell.molecules are taken into the cell.

• PhagocytosisPhagocytosis- large - large undissolvedundissolved molecules are taken into the cell.molecules are taken into the cell.

• Cellular Cellular energyenergy is used to move is used to move particles through a membrane.particles through a membrane.

• This movement is from This movement is from lowerlower concentration to higher concentration to higher concentrationconcentration..

• It is against the concentration It is against the concentration gradient.gradient.

• PinocytosisPinocytosis- large - large dissolveddissolved molecules are taken into the cell.molecules are taken into the cell.

• PhagocytosisPhagocytosis- large - large undissolvedundissolved molecules are taken into the cell.molecules are taken into the cell.

QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor

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Pinocytosis Pinocytosis PhagocytosisPhagocytosis Pinocytosis Pinocytosis PhagocytosisPhagocytosis • A type of active A type of active transport.transport.

• Large Large dissolveddissolved molecules taken molecules taken into the cell by into the cell by formation of formation of vacuoles.vacuoles.

• C.M. forms an C.M. forms an indentationindentation and and pinches off w/ pinches off w/ the dissloved the dissloved molecule and molecule and forms a vacuole.forms a vacuole.

• A type of active A type of active transport.transport.

• Large Large dissolveddissolved molecules taken molecules taken into the cell by into the cell by formation of formation of vacuoles.vacuoles.

• C.M. forms an C.M. forms an indentationindentation and and pinches off w/ pinches off w/ the dissloved the dissloved molecule and molecule and forms a vacuole.forms a vacuole.

• Large Large undisslovedundissloved molecules are molecules are taken into the taken into the cell.cell.

• Cytoplasm flows Cytoplasm flows around the around the particles and particles and engulfsengulfs them. them.

• Large Large undisslovedundissloved molecules are molecules are taken into the taken into the cell.cell.

• Cytoplasm flows Cytoplasm flows around the around the particles and particles and engulfsengulfs them. them.

Let’s go to the Let’s go to the Video!Video!Surface to volume ratio:Surface to volume ratio:Surface to volume ratio:Surface to volume ratio:

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CytoplasmCytoplasmCytoplasmCytoplasm•Jelly-likeJelly-like substance substance insideinside the cell. the cell.

•Gives the cell it’s shape.Gives the cell it’s shape.•Contains the organelles.Contains the organelles.•It is located between the It is located between the C.M. and the Nucleus.C.M. and the Nucleus.

•Jelly-likeJelly-like substance substance insideinside the cell. the cell.

•Gives the cell it’s shape.Gives the cell it’s shape.•Contains the organelles.Contains the organelles.•It is located between the It is located between the C.M. and the Nucleus.C.M. and the Nucleus.

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

•Answer questions 1-Answer questions 1-3, on page 67 in 3, on page 67 in UPCO.UPCO.

NucleusNucleusNucleusNucleus• Large round structure located Large round structure located inside the cytoplasm.inside the cytoplasm.

• Contains Contains genetic materialgenetic material (DNA).(DNA).

• Has a Has a nuclear membranenuclear membrane (semi- (semi-permeable).permeable).

• Contains a Contains a NucleolusNucleolus (makes (makes Ribosomes).Ribosomes).

• ControlsControls the activity of the the activity of the cell.cell.

• Large round structure located Large round structure located inside the cytoplasm.inside the cytoplasm.

• Contains Contains genetic materialgenetic material (DNA).(DNA).

• Has a Has a nuclear membranenuclear membrane (semi- (semi-permeable).permeable).

• Contains a Contains a NucleolusNucleolus (makes (makes Ribosomes).Ribosomes).

• ControlsControls the activity of the the activity of the cell.cell.

•Answer questions 1-3, Answer questions 1-3, on page 68 (top) in on page 68 (top) in UPCO.UPCO.

MitochondriaMitochondriaMitochondriaMitochondria• The “The “powerhousepowerhouse” of the cell.” of the cell.• Function in Function in CellularCellular RespirationRespiration..

• Produce energy in the form of Produce energy in the form of ATPATP (adenosine triphosphate). (adenosine triphosphate).

• Have Have DNADNA..• Folded inner membranes are Folded inner membranes are called called CristaeCristae..

• The “The “powerhousepowerhouse” of the cell.” of the cell.• Function in Function in CellularCellular RespirationRespiration..

• Produce energy in the form of Produce energy in the form of ATPATP (adenosine triphosphate). (adenosine triphosphate).

• Have Have DNADNA..• Folded inner membranes are Folded inner membranes are called called CristaeCristae..

MitochondriaMitochondriaMitochondriaMitochondria

Let’s Go to the Let’s Go to the Video!Video!

Answer questions 1-8 Answer questions 1-8 on page 69 in UPCO.on page 69 in UPCO.Answer questions 1-8 Answer questions 1-8 on page 69 in UPCO.on page 69 in UPCO.

ChromosomesChromosomesChromosomesChromosomes•Long thread-like Long thread-like structures found in the structures found in the nucleusnucleus of the cell. of the cell.

•Contain Contain hereditaryhereditary info. info.•Genes are hereditary Genes are hereditary units made up of units made up of DNA.DNA.

•Long thread-like Long thread-like structures found in the structures found in the nucleusnucleus of the cell. of the cell.

•Contain Contain hereditaryhereditary info. info.•Genes are hereditary Genes are hereditary units made up of units made up of DNA.DNA.

ChromosomesChromosomesChromosomesChromosomes

Answer questions 1,2 Answer questions 1,2 on page 68 (bottom) on page 68 (bottom) in UPCO.in UPCO.

Endoplasmic Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulumEndoplasmic Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum

•A system of channels or A system of channels or canals w/i the cytoplasm, canals w/i the cytoplasm, that that transportstransports materials. materials.

•Smooth E.R. has Smooth E.R. has nono ribosomesribosomes on it. on it.

•Rough E.R. Rough E.R. has ribosomeshas ribosomes..

•A system of channels or A system of channels or canals w/i the cytoplasm, canals w/i the cytoplasm, that that transportstransports materials. materials.

•Smooth E.R. has Smooth E.R. has nono ribosomesribosomes on it. on it.

•Rough E.R. Rough E.R. has ribosomeshas ribosomes..

Answer questions 1,2 Answer questions 1,2 on page 70 (top) in on page 70 (top) in UPCO.UPCO.

RibosomesRibosomesRibosomesRibosomes

•Make Make proteinsproteins..•Can be found attached Can be found attached to the E.R., or to the E.R., or floating freely in floating freely in the cytoplasm.the cytoplasm.

Answer questions 1,2 Answer questions 1,2 on page 70 (middle) on page 70 (middle) in UPCO.in UPCO.

Golgi ComplexGolgi ComplexGolgi ComplexGolgi Complex•A A stackstack of membrane of membrane bound channels and bound channels and vacuoles.vacuoles.

•They They synthesizesynthesize, , packagepackage, and , and secretesecrete cell productscell products

((proteinsproteins).).

•A A stackstack of membrane of membrane bound channels and bound channels and vacuoles.vacuoles.

•They They synthesizesynthesize, , packagepackage, and , and secretesecrete cell productscell products

((proteinsproteins).).

Golgi ComplexGolgi ComplexGolgi ComplexGolgi Complex

Answer question 1 on Answer question 1 on page 70 (bottom).page 70 (bottom).Answer question 1 on Answer question 1 on page 70 (bottom).page 70 (bottom).

VacuolesVacuolesVacuolesVacuoles•Sac-like structures.Sac-like structures.•StoreStore foodfood, , waterwater, , wasteswastes..

•Located in the Located in the cytoplasm.cytoplasm.

•Plants have a large Plants have a large central vacuole.central vacuole.

•Sac-like structures.Sac-like structures.•StoreStore foodfood, , waterwater, , wasteswastes..

•Located in the Located in the cytoplasm.cytoplasm.

•Plants have a large Plants have a large central vacuole.central vacuole.

VacuolesVacuolesVacuolesVacuoles

Answer question 1 on Answer question 1 on page 71 (top).page 71 (top).Answer question 1 on Answer question 1 on page 71 (top).page 71 (top).

LysosomesLysosomesLysosomesLysosomes

•Membrane bound sacs.Membrane bound sacs.•Contain Contain digestivedigestive enzymesenzymes..

•DestroyDestroy damaged or damaged or old cell parts, old cell parts, invading pathogens.invading pathogens.

•Membrane bound sacs.Membrane bound sacs.•Contain Contain digestivedigestive enzymesenzymes..

•DestroyDestroy damaged or damaged or old cell parts, old cell parts, invading pathogens.invading pathogens.

LysosomesLysosomesLysosomesLysosomes

Answer question 1 on Answer question 1 on page 71 (middle) in page 71 (middle) in UPCO.UPCO.

ChloroplastsChloroplastsChloroplastsChloroplasts• Organelle involved with Organelle involved with the the manufacturemanufacture ofof foodfood inin plantsplants..

• Located in the cytoplasm.Located in the cytoplasm.• Contain Contain ChlorophyllChlorophyll (green (green pigment).pigment).

• Contains enzymes, grana, Contains enzymes, grana, stroma.stroma.

• Function during Function during photosynthesisphotosynthesis..

• Organelle involved with Organelle involved with the the manufacturemanufacture ofof foodfood inin plantsplants..

• Located in the cytoplasm.Located in the cytoplasm.• Contain Contain ChlorophyllChlorophyll (green (green pigment).pigment).

• Contains enzymes, grana, Contains enzymes, grana, stroma.stroma.

• Function during Function during photosynthesisphotosynthesis..

ChloroplastsChloroplastsChloroplastsChloroplasts

CentriolesCentriolesCentriolesCentrioles

•Found in Found in animalanimal cells. cells.•Function during Function during cellcell divisiondivision..

•Look like Look like cylinderscylinders and are found in pairs and are found in pairs near the nucleus.near the nucleus.

•Found in Found in animalanimal cells. cells.•Function during Function during cellcell divisiondivision..

•Look like Look like cylinderscylinders and are found in pairs and are found in pairs near the nucleus.near the nucleus.

CentriolesCentriolesCentriolesCentrioles

Answer question 1 on Answer question 1 on page 72 in UPCO page 72 in UPCO (bottom).(bottom).

Cell WallCell WallCell WallCell Wall

•Found only in Found only in plantplant cellscells..

•Made up Made up CelluloseCellulose, a , a non- living material.non- living material.

•ProtectsProtects and and shapesshapes the cell.the cell.

•Found only in Found only in plantplant cellscells..

•Made up Made up CelluloseCellulose, a , a non- living material.non- living material.

•ProtectsProtects and and shapesshapes the cell.the cell.

Answer questions 1,2 Answer questions 1,2 on page 73 in UPCO.on page 73 in UPCO.Answer questions 1,2 Answer questions 1,2 on page 73 in UPCO.on page 73 in UPCO.

Comparing Plant & Animal Comparing Plant & Animal CellsCells

Answer questions 1-3 Answer questions 1-3 on pages 73-74 in on pages 73-74 in UPCO.UPCO.

Cell Cell SpecializationSpecialization

• Certain cells do certain Certain cells do certain jobsjobs..

• Cells areCells are veryvery specificspecific to to what they do.what they do.

(ex.- Blood Cells: carry O(ex.- Blood Cells: carry O2 2 to to cells, Nerve Cells: carry cells, Nerve Cells: carry impulses, Muscle Cells: move impulses, Muscle Cells: move parts of an organism, parts of an organism, Xylem/Phloem Cell: transport Xylem/Phloem Cell: transport

materials throughout plants).materials throughout plants).

• Certain cells do certain Certain cells do certain jobsjobs..

• Cells areCells are veryvery specificspecific to to what they do.what they do.

(ex.- Blood Cells: carry O(ex.- Blood Cells: carry O2 2 to to cells, Nerve Cells: carry cells, Nerve Cells: carry impulses, Muscle Cells: move impulses, Muscle Cells: move parts of an organism, parts of an organism, Xylem/Phloem Cell: transport Xylem/Phloem Cell: transport

materials throughout plants).materials throughout plants).

Answer question 1 on Answer question 1 on page 74 (bottom) in page 74 (bottom) in UPCO.UPCO.

Cell OrganizationCell OrganizationCell OrganizationCell Organization• Cells are Cells are groupedgrouped together together into units or levels.into units or levels.

• These These specializedspecialized units units perform perform similarsimilar functionsfunctions..

• Groups of cells make up Groups of cells make up tissuestissues, groups of tissues , groups of tissues make up make up organsorgans, groups of , groups of organs make up organs make up organorgan systemssystems, groups of organ , groups of organ systems make up an systems make up an organismorganism..

• Cells are Cells are groupedgrouped together together into units or levels.into units or levels.

• These These specializedspecialized units units perform perform similarsimilar functionsfunctions..

• Groups of cells make up Groups of cells make up tissuestissues, groups of tissues , groups of tissues make up make up organsorgans, groups of , groups of organs make up organs make up organorgan systemssystems, groups of organ , groups of organ systems make up an systems make up an organismorganism..

Cell Structure and Function Chapter 5 OrganellesOrganelles There are many small structures located...

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