Ccri text 2012

• “Native” Americans

• Beringia

– Eskimo

– Northwest

– Anasazi

• Pueblos

• Water conservation

– Similarities

• Diet

– Hunt, farm, fish

• Bows & arrows

• No writing

• Vs. Europeans

– Less dense

– No wheels or ships

– Small animals only

• Ericsson

• Prince Henry

• Bartolomeu Dias

• Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498

• Portugal inches along African coast

– Slaves

– Religion

• Cape Verde 1st plantations

• Ottoman Turks

– Genoa & Venice

– Atlantic nations look west

– Spain

– Moors

• Columbus

– Bad with the ruler

– San Salvador

• Bahamas

– Hispaniola

• La Navidad

– Returns with natives

– 4 trips

– Columbian Exchange

• Goods, ppl & ideas

• Treaty of Tordesillas

– Portugal

– Brazil only

– de Gama 1498

• Cabot

– Northwest Passage/ cod

• Cabral

– Vespucci

• Balboa

• Magellan

– West voyage not feasible

• Conquistadores

– Cortez

• Aztec

– Empire, tribute, sacrifice

• Spain most powerful after

– Pizarro

• Inca

• French

– Verrazano

– Cartier

– Up to now

– No settlements in America

– Spanish Empire

– Portugal to China

– International fishing

– Huguenots

– Challenge to Spain

– St. Augustine 1st

• England

– John Hawkins Africa to Haiti

• Factors encouraging exploration

– Technological advances

– Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich

– Gold, glory & the Gospel

• England supplants Spain

– Henry VIII

– Elizabeth

• Reform

– Drake

– Roanoke Island

– Armada

• Spain defends Cath.

• English pond

• England Colonizes in a Big Way

• Hakluyt

– New trade partners

– Ease unemployment

• Pressure valve

• 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave

• Joint-stock company

– VA London

– VA Plymouth

– Takes time for profit

– Jamestown

– License to poach

– Terrible location

• Swamp, drought

– Gentlemen/servants

– Search for gold

• 38/144

– Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor

– Could have done better if they learned to farm

– John Smith

• Harsh

• “The Starving Time”

• Powhatan Confederacy

– Aid led to survival

– Weapons for reinforcing

• Lord de la Warr

– Irish tactics

• Raid, burn, steal

• Natives inferior

• Almost exterminated due to VA success

• John Rolfe

– Made VA a stable colony

– Seals peace by marriage

• Spread of the vile weed

– Scattered settlements

– Constant encroaching

• Labor force

– Indentured

• Lack of labor

• Poor, willing

• Cheap, abundant

• 2x or 3x pay

• Most migrants to Chesapeake

• Many premature deaths

• Society of servants and ex-servants

• Sometimes sold

• Extended– legally

– Stole, ran away, pregnant

– Women no marriage

– Freedom dues

– Headright

• Wealthy gentry class

– More land, more workers

– New arrivals in 1619

• Africans & wives?

• House of Burgesses

– Series of harsh rulers

– Representative self-government

• Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies

• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.

• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629

• Maryland

– Proprietary

• Lord B’more

• Sanctuary

– But… conflict

» Majority Protestants as yeoman

» Catholics as gentry

– Act of Toleration 1649

• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants

• Polarized society post 1649

– Land, money in east

– Untamed in the west

– Gov. Berkeley

• No elections for 15 years

• Only male landowners & heads of households

• Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians

• Bacon’s Rebellion

– Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed

– New workforce

• New England

• Pilgrims

– Separatists

– Too corrupt

– Holland

– Mayflower Compact

• Political body & legal auth

• Will of majority

– Squanto

• Pilgrims as allies

• Thanksgiving

• Mass. Bay Colony

– Covenant

• Contract for a mission

– “City Upon a Hill”

• Reform the Church of Eng.

– King’s puppet

– Families, educated, college

– Voting rights

• Property owning males

• Popular got big tracts

• The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted

• Connecticut

– Thomas Hooker

– All males

– Fundamental Orders of CT.

• Rhode Island

– Roger Williams

• Land belonged to…

• Freedom of religion

– Newport 1658

– Anne Hutchinson

• Comm. Directly with God

• Relations with Indians

• Pequot War of 1637

– White settlement disrupted trade

– Narragansett allies

– Heavily criticized

• Tried to Christianize

• Indians knew only unity stops encroachment

• King Philip’s War

– Encroachment

• Surrounded Indian towns

• Sassamon

• Mohawk

• Great Swamp

• Sold into slavery

• Debt, ruined frontier, hatred

• Eunice Williams stayed

• Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock

• Trouble in New England

• Salem

– Tituba

• Witchcraft

• Specters

– Causes

• Continual disorder explained by blame

– Indian attacks

– Decline of Puritan society

– Ergot

• The Other Colonies

• New York

– 1609 Hudson

– Albany

– New Netherlands

– New Amsterdam

• Manhattan

• Patroonships

• Headright

– Diverse

– Huguenots

• Peter Stuyvesant

• Duke of York– James

• Pennsylvania

– Wm. Penn

– Quaker

– Proprietary

– Indians

• Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims

• Those having probs elsewhere

– Religious toleration

• “in the souls there is no sex”

• Carolina

– Restoration as others

– Barbados in south

• Charles Town

• Slaves

• Staple crops

– Eliza Lucas

– VA influence in north

• Regulator – no reapportioning—not represented

• Georgia

– Oglethorpe

– Buffer/Reform

• Between two empires

– Savannah

• Navigation Acts

– Mercantilism—raw materials

– Only English/colonial ships

– Enumerated

– Designed to make money and stop competition

– Board of Trade

• Parliament passed rules but they didn’t affect the colonies unless stated

– Salutary Neglect

• Robert Walpole

– Ignoring leads to more wealth

• Admiralty Courts

• Crown attacks colonies charters

– Mass Bay Colony charter revoked

– Dominion of New England

• Under direct English control

• All land titles invalidated

– Edmund Andros

– Glorious Revolution

• Influenced colonists to rise as well

• Mass Bay restored with additions

– Leisler’s Rebellion

– Coode

• More Indian Wars

– New York

• Beaver Wars

• Iroquois

– Needed to war to replenish since European disease killing them

– North Carolina

• Tuscarora—many enslaved

– South Carolina

• Yamassee

– Abused by whites (sold into slavery)

– Threatened lands

– Spanish intrigue

• Slavery

– Portuguese

– Africans practiced violence

• Europeans didn’t have to

• Xtianized them instead

– Triangular Trade

• Products/ trade became basis of European economy

• Middle Passage

– Rebellion

• Stono

– Can’t overturn slavery; can’t win the fight for freedom.

• Colonial experiences

– The Great Awakening

• First shared

• Religious indifference

– Convert non-believers and revive piety of believers

– Most didn’t go to church

• Revivals

– Jonathan Edwards

» Sinners…

• Led to religious diversity

• Enlightenment

– Liberty, liberty, property

» John Locke

• Right of rebellion

» Peter Zenger

– Religion

» Deism

» God the Clockmaker

– Ben Franklin

» Poor Richard’s

• Work & wealth

• The French in America

– Champlain

• Coureurs de bois

• Black Robes—Jesuits

– Robert de la Salle

• Mississippi

– No suppression of Indian

– They liked European goods

• Kept Spanish out

• Wars with the French

– King William/Queen Anne

• Mostly European affairs

• Attacks on frontier towns by French/Indians told colonists that they still needed English protection

– King George’s War

– Louisbourg

• Colonists furious

– Boston widows

• French and Indian War

– Contested land

• Ohio Valley

• French forts

• Gov. Dinwiddie

– Washington

» Surrenders

» British retaliate

• Nova Scotia

– Albany Congress

• Albany Plan for Union

– Ben Franklin

» Win Indians—they made no commitment

» Colonists meet annually

» Colonies & crown refused

• Not enough or too much independence

– General Braddock

• Duquesne—war declared

• Colonists refused to fight

• British thought colonists bear the responsibility

• Indians side with French—less land-hungry

– William Pitt—Great Commoner

• Picked better commanders

– Recruitment was local now

• Finance thoroughly—but… leads to huge debt

– Boon to colonies economy

– Turning point

• Focus on North America

– Attack Quebec

– Cripple France’s colonies

– Plains of Abraham

» Wolfe & Montcalm

» Iroquois allied w/ GB

– Treaty of Paris

• Indians lose land as colonists mover west

• England east, Spain west

– Colonial hangover

• Colonists have military confidence

• Colonist officers treated poorly

– No promotions—British discipline brutal

– Amateurs

• British concerns

– Americans traded with enemy

– Americans begin to head west

– Pontiac’s Rebellion

• Refused to surrender lands

• Britain raised prices

• Several British forts attacked

• Many lives lost, long time to quell

• Britain retaliated with germ warfare

– Proclamation of 1763

• Keep peace—no settling west

• Stationed soldiers here for same

• British problems

– War debt

– Colonists should help pay for empire

– Pitt’s role

– Standing Army (where?!?)

– Quartering Act

• Sugar Act

– Molasses Act

– Rewards for capture

• Stamp Act

– Internal tax

– James Otis

• No rep in Parle

• Direct rep here

• Grenville virtual

– Sons & Daughters

• Boycott

– VA Resolves

• Patrick Henry

• Caesar, Chas I and George

– Stamp Act Congress

• First successful union

• 9 of 13

• Rights & Grievances

– Tax and represent redux

– Jury w/o trial

– Restrict on trade

• Prevent distribution

– Andrew Oliver

» Effigy

– Thomas Hutchinson

» All resigned

• Boycott worked

• Declaratory Act

• Townsend Acts

– Revenue Act of 1765

– Customs collectors paid by crown

– Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea

– Writs of assistance

– New York Assembly

– Circular Letter

• Sam Adams

• Tax w/o consent?

• VA Assembly agrees dissolved

• Currently

– Taxes

– Houses searched

– Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds

• Boston Massacre

– March 5, 1770

– Soldiers withdrawn

– Townsend repealed

• Gaspée

– Crown’s commission to find perpetrators

– Committees of Correspondence

• Cooperation to oppose

• Boston Tea Party

– British East India Tea Co.

• Smuggled tea

• Tax lowered

• Favoritism

• Hurt current suppliers

• Hurt smugglers

• “Intolerable” Acts

– 1. Boston Harbor

– 2. Mass. Charter

– 3. Trials in England

– 4. New Quartering Act

– 5. Quebec Act

• New borders

– Land granted to Catholics!

– No precedent

– General Gage

• First Continental Congress

– Rights & Grievances

• Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response

• Continental Association

– Manage boycott

– Ben Franklin

» “we must hang together…”

– Colonists forced to choose sides

– Meet again in one year

• Lexington & Concord 4/75

– Stockpiles

– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes

– Sam Adams/John Hancock

– Boston under siege

• Second Continental Congress

– G. Washington C-in-C

– Mass Militia named Cont. Army

• Bunker Hill

– 3 attempts

– Pyrrhic victory

– Hessians

– Ports closed

– Halifax

• Ethan Allen

• Canadian Invasion

– Ben Arnold

• Fawkes Day

– Americans need European support

• Common Sense/ Thomas Paine

• Hessian = war’s unpopularity

• Independence needed for European support

– Richard Henry Lee

– “these colonies are and of right ought to be independent states”

– Committee formed

• Adams, Franklin, Jefferson et al

• SC & GA edit

– “all men are… life, liberty and pursuit…”

– Government purpose is to allow constituents…

– Government derive their power

– If government fails…

• All signers… treason!

– All states were encouraged to write const

• All took power away from executive

• Battle of New York

– No pursuit

– Lots of desertion

– The Crisis

• Brit ad/disadvantages

– Profession army

– 3000 miles

– Re-conquer w/o destroy

• Divide and conquer

• Tories

• Keep allegiance

• Americans

– Good generals/ bad also

– Home game

– Bonus (land) for enlistment

• Women

– Nurses, domestic tasks, Robert Shurtleff, Molly Pitcher

• New Jersey

– Delaware River

• Trenton

• Princeton

• Britain attempts to cut off NE

– Howe

– Philadelphia

– Burgoyne

– Saratoga

• One of the world’s biggest!

• French

– Repossess

– Reconcile?

• Home-rule

• Philadelphia

– Brandywine

– Accomplished nothing

– Fired-up colonists

• Valley Forge

– Baron von Steuben

– Post Saratoga/Philadelphia new strategy

• War in the west

– Iroquois Alliance

– George Rogers Clark

– Indians neutral to British

• War on the sea

– John Paul Jones

• Bonhomme Richard

– Privateers

• War in the South

– Charleston/ Savannah

• Put Tories in charge

• African-Americans

• Nathaniel Greene

– “we fight, get beat, fight again

– Guerrilla warfare

» Francis Marion, Thomas Sumter

» Drag British inland

– Yorktown

• De Grasse

• Cut their loses

– Treaty of Paris

• State Constitutions

– Reduced power of governors

– Most bi-cameral

– Limited voting rights—25-50% of all males disenfranchised

• South—at least you ain’t Black

– VA had Bill of Rights

• Republican government

– Elected reps

– Most favor weak central government

– Articles of Confed.

• 1st constitution

– Conduct foreign affairs

– Maintain armed forces

– Borrow money

– Issue currency

» Could not

» Regulate trade

» Draft an army

» Tax

» To pass law—9 of 13

» To amend—all 13

» No exec, no judicial

» Tariff tried but…

– One vote per state

– Ratification problems

» Western lands

• March 1781

• Accomplishments

– Won war

– Foreign affairs

– New states

• Land Policy

– Ordinance 1785

• First independent source of revenue

• rectangular with 1 of every 36 for education

• 640 acres each—$1 per acre

• Public auction

• Speculators

– Ordinance of 1787

• Northwest Territory

• 3 to 5 states

• 60,000

• Equal to others

• Bill of Rights

• No slavery

– Fugitive slave law included

• Problems with money

– Soldiers wages

– 1781 march on PHL

– Paper $ worthless

– Dept. of Finance created

• Robert Morris

• 5% on imports

– Denied—A of C government could get too powerful

• Depression

– Rice crop destroyed

– Farms confiscated for non-payment of state taxes

– West Indies closed to trade (Britain)

– Britain flooded

• Shay’s Rebellion

– Mass broke

– Tax farmers

– Judge taking lands

– Shay leads rebellion to courts, arsenal

– 4 killed by Bowdoin’s troops

• Many feared future rebellions

• A of C not strong enough

• Slavery

– Many states immediate to gradual in Northern states

– Manumission

– All men…. Quok Walker

• Only humans in South

– NJ let free & women vote

• Constitutional Convention

– Annapolis Conference

– Madison/Hamilton

• Changes—A of C too weak

• 55 delegates—most lawyers, all rich

• Closed doors no notes

– VA Plan & NJ Plan—how to satisfy big/small states

• VA 2 house, both pop proportional, chief chose by legislature

• People choose lower, lower chooses upper

• NJ one house one vote per state

• Plural execs

– The Great Compromise

• Roger Sherman

• 2-house, H of Reps by pop, Senate (2 for all states)

• 3/5 clause

• Slavery not interfered with till 1808

• 9 of 13 states required to ratify

• Ratification

– Federalists

– Anti-Federalists

• Fear of a distant power

• Bill of Rights

– Delaware

• New Hampshire

• Virginia

– B of Rights to be added

• New York

– Federalist essays

• Detailed failure of A of C

• First Election

– Washington

• Adams

• Dept of State—Jefferson

• Dept of the Treasury—Hamilton

• Dept of War

• Cabinet (advisers)

– Adams just presided of Senate

• Judiciary Act of 1789

– Supreme Ct.

– John Jay

• Bill of Rights

– Madison

– 12—10

– Nothing on who could vote

• Financial Problems

– Hamilton

• Tariff

– To protect/ foster

– South no, North yes

• Report on Public Credit

• Fed debt (par)

– Speculators—wealthy have stake

• Assumption

– States

– South not happy

– Washington

• National Bank

• Vault, loans, currency

• Strict

• Loose—Necessary & Proper

• Political parties

• Whiskey Rebellion

– Hamilton’s programs

• 25%

• Barter = no cash

• Serious threat

• Nationalize PA militia

• Frontier Problems

– Indians look to Britain/Spain

– Anthony Wayne

• Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794

• Treaty of Greenville 1795

– Ohio

• European Problems

– French Revolution

– Neutrality

– Citizen Genet

– Jefferson resigns

– British impress

• Jay’s Treaty

– Hamilton’s role

– Northwest

– Withdraw

– Pay for ships

– Allow trade w/ British W.I.

– Freed slaves

– French capture US ships

• Executive Privilege

– Pinckney’s Treaty

• Right of Deposit

• Mississippi

• Washington’s Farewell

– Precedent

– Party system

– Foreign alliances

• Election of 1796

– Adams/ Chas. Pinckney

– Jefferson/ Burr

– 71-68

– 12th Amendment

• Adam’s Presidency

– Problems w/ France

• XYZ Affair

– Shipping

– Talleyrand

• Undeclared war

– Dept of Navy

– Alien & Sedition Acts

• Aimed at Republicans

– 14 year naturalization

• Sedition Act

– KY & VA Resolutions

• Constitution a compact

• Nullification

• Election of 1800

– Adams hurt by A/S & taxes to build navy

– Jay’s Treaty

– Whiskey Rebellion

– Jeff called Jacobin etc

– Fathered mulatto

– Atheist

– Jeff v. Burr

– 26 ballots later

– Deal made?

– Hamilton role

– VA threat to march on DC

– Revolution of 1800—peaceful transition—“we are all Republicans, we are all…”

• Jeff presidency

– Weak gov’t

• States center of power

– Compact!

• New capital

• Pay down debt

– Albert Gallatin

– Warships decommissioned

– Army downsized

– Excise tax abolished

– Sedition Act expires—many freed

– Repealed Naturalization Act

– Kept par, assumption, tariff

• Midnight Appts

– Keep feds in power

– John Marshall

– Marbury v. Madison

• Madison Secy of State***

– Writ of mandamus

– Part of 1789 Act unconstitutional because only exec can enforce, not SC

– Judicial Review

– Sam Chase—big proponent of Sedition Act

• Senate too Federalist

• SC maintains its independence

• Foreign Policy

– Tripoli

• Increased tribute refused by Jeff

• War declared

• Stephen Decatur

– Louisiana Purchase

• French get Louisiana back

• Threat to Right of Deposit

• French Empire here?

• Eli Whitney

• Robert Livingston, James Monroe mission

• Haitian Revolt

– Toussaint L’Ouverture

– Malaria killed 1000s of French soldiers

– War w/ GB financed by sale

• Federalists oppose—losing influence to South & West

– Strict v. loose

– Louisiana 1812

– Doubled size

– Lewis & Clark

» Foster good relations

» Flora/fauna

» Water route to Pacific

» Claim to Oregon

» Sacajawea

• Scout/translator

• Domestic

– Essex Junto

» New England, NY & NJ

• NE threatened by Louis. Purchase

» Burr as governor of NY

» Hamilton remarks

» Duel

» Burr flees

• Southwest Empire?

• Acquitted of treason

• 2nd Term

– Problems w/ Britain & France

• Continental system

• Orders in Council

• Impressment

– 6,000 from 1808-1811

• Chesapeake v. HMS Leopard

– 3 dead, 18 wounded

• Embargo Act

– Disaster

– Smuggling

– GB not as reliant as hoped

– Feds in Northeast hating on Jeff

– Started Industrial Revolution as US became self-sufficient

• 1809 Non-Intercourse Act

– Every nation except GB/FR

• Election of 1808

– Madison but Feds gain seats in Congress

– Macon’s Bill Number 2

• Hope both drop restrictions

• Napoleon deceives

– War Hawks

• Henry Clay

• John C Calhoun

• Andrew Jackson

• Anti-British

– Tippecanoe

• William Henry Harrison

• Prophet/Tecumseh

• Federation

• Tecumseh flees to Canada

• Causes for War

– War Hawks push for declaration of war and attack on Canada

– Attack Florida

– Impressment

– Federalists opposed

– Sectional vote

– Orders in Council suspended but news travels slow

• War of 1812

– Ad: GB tied up w/ Napoleon

• Home game

• Canada real target & not heavily populated

– Dis-ad:

• Small army & old

• “Mr. Madison’s War”

– Invasion of Canada

• William Hull & Detroit

• NY militia

– Lake Erie

• Oliver Hazard Perry

• Retreating British (former loyalists) at Thames/Tecumseh by Harrison

• York

– Naval Victories

• USS Constitution

• Mostly fought on inland lakes

• Privateers very successful

• British impose blockade

– Economy crippled

– Treasury broke

– Bank allowed to expire

– 1814 Napoleon defeated

• British invade Chesapeake

– Washington

– Baltimore 8/14

» Francis Scott Key

• British invade from Canada

– Macdonough

» Plattsburgh 9/14

» Too costly

• Southwest Campaign

– Andrew Jackson

– Horseshoe Bend

– Treaty of Ghent

• Status Quo Ante Bellum

• Battle of New Orleans

• Hartford Convention

– Feds last hurrah

• Openly traded w/ GB

• Militia refused to leave states

– 3/5 Clause—60 day embargo—1 term President—no successive Pres. From same state—2/3 vote for new states

– Delegation arrives same time as news of Jackson victory

• Era of Good Feelings

– Nationalism high

– BUS re-chartered 1816

• Local banks printed worthless

• War effort hurt

– Tariff of 1816

• Protect

– Florida

• Adams- Onis

– 1816 Election

• James Monroe

– Rush-Bagot/Convention of 1818

• Demilitarized Great Lakes

• To the Rockies

• 49th

• Panic of 1819

– Westward migration

• Steamships

• Land speculation

• Wildcat banks

• Couldn’t redeem notes

• 1st panic ever

• Many people lost $$$

• Led to distrust of BUS

– MD tried to tax BUS out of existence

– McCulloch v. MD

• MO Compromise

– Whitney and LA Purchase

– Slavery to foreground

• Profitable & expanding

– Balanced Senate

• Tallmadge Amendment

– Gradual abolition

– Dangerous precedent for rest of LA Purchase

» Dangerous for South too

– Comp reached

• Clay

• MO slave, Maine free, 12-12

• No slavery north of 36-30

• Foreign Policy under Monroe cont’d

– Monroe Doctrine

• US with GB help

• Closed

• US stays out of European affairs

• Britain maintains trade & Canada

• Election of 1824

– Caucus system breaks down

• One party

• Crawford—Clay—Adams—Jackson

• Jackson wins pop & electoral but

– Plurality

– House

– Clay’s role

– “Corrupt Bargain”

• Adam’s Presidency

– Internal improvements

• National road

• Canals

– Chesapeake & Ohio

– Erie—private

• National University?

• Naval College?

• Election of 1828

– Jackson

• Democratic Republicans (Democrats)

– Property qualifications dropped (RI 1842 Dorr)

• Rachel

• Opposed to all things Adams

– Adams

• National Republicans

• Jackson’s Presidency

– Inauguration

• “King Mob”

– Spoils System

• Loyalists

• Beginnings of patronage in a two-party system

• Jackson & the Tariff of 1828

– Inherited

– Abominations

– South manufactured little

– South sold worldwide so could be penalized

– Real crux—slavery could be interfered with by feds

• MO Compromise rekindled

• Denmark Vesey Rebellion 1822

• SC Exposition

• Calhoun

• KY & VA Resolutions

– Nullies

• Tariff of 1832

– Not enough

– Declared null & void

– Threatened secession

– Jackson… “Hang the first…”

– Clay compromise

» 1833 tariff drops to 1816 levels

» Force Bill

• Repealed nullification & nullified Force Bill

• Indian Removal—Trail of Tears

– Cherokee Americanized

• Sequoya alphabet

• Slave owners

• GA refused to recognize them

• Supreme Court ruled them a sovereign nation

• Worcester v. GA

• “John Marshall has made his decision…”

• West to save them

• Sauk/Fox led by Black Hawk

– Davis/Lincoln

• Seminole/Osceola

• Eaton Malaria

– Peggy Eaton—wife of Sec’y of War

– Floride Calhoun

– Rachel???

– Entire cabinet resigned

– Martin Van Buren sympathetic

– Becomes frontrunner for VP

• The Bank War & Election of 1832

– BUS controlled economy

– Private & answerable to few

– Controlled gold & silver

– Nicholas Biddle

– Clay/ Webster try to re-charter in 1832

• Charter not up till 1836

• Force the issue w/ Jackson to beat him

• Vetoed (as he did more than any other Pres.)

• Clay as Nat-Rep

– 1st National Nominating Conventions (no more caucus) with platforms

• Third Party—Anti-Mason

– William Wirt/ William Morgan (former Mason)

– Anti- Jackson party

– Later morphed into Whigs

• Killing the Bank

– Roger Taney

– BUS calls in loans to create crisis

– “Pet” banks

• Wildcats again

– Specie Circular

• Public lands in “hard” currency to counter wildcats

• Led to less speculation but another panic in 1837 that cost his successor

• Whig Party origins & the Election of 1836

– Anti-Jacksonians—King Andrew I

• Only last so long

• South hates tariffs

• North hates slavery

• Clay hates Jackson

• Westerners for Clay & the American System

• Anti-Masons

– Election of 1836

• Van Buren

• Whigs—“Favorite Sons”

– Wm. Henry Harrison

• Van Buren’s Presidency

– First born in “America”

– “Machine-made”

– Other Dems resented

– Trouble in Maine

• Aroostook

• Webster-Ashburton 1842

– Abolitionism in full swing

– Panic of 1837

• Land spec.

• Wildcats

• Specie Circular

• Wheat crop fail

• Pet banks failed

• Government $$$

• Buren– laissez faire

• Independent Treasury Bill

– Trail of Tears 1838

• Election of 1840

– Tippecanoe & Tyler too!

• Military hero (figurehead) & lackey for votes

• Whigs (Clay) to pull puppet strings

• “Log Cabin Campaign”

– Democrats playbook

– “Van, Van is a used up man”

– Martin Van “Ruin”

– Economy cost him dearly

• Panic of 1837

• John Tyler

– More an anti-Jackson Democrat

– His Accidency

– Anti-Bank, Anti- Tariff, Anti-Internal Improvements

• All at odds with Clay

– Whig Congress

• Ended Independent Treasury Bill

• Passed new Bank of US

– Vetoed

– Mass resignations

– Expelled by Whig caucus

» Pres. w/ no party

– Webster stayed on as he was negotiating W-Ash.

• Texas

– Mexico wanted to populate after independence

– Stephen Austin

• 300 Rom. Cath. Families

• Failed to become “Mexicanized”

• Some one step ahead of American law

• Mexico emancipated 1830

– Forbid any more American colonization

– Forbid any more slavery importation

– Stephen Austin to Mex. Cy.

• Santa Anna tosses him in jail 1833

• Santa Anna suspends all local rights 1835

– Raises army

• Lone Star Republic

– 1836 Independence

– Sam Houston as C in Chief

– Alamo

• Davy Crockett/Jim Bowie—martyrs

• San Jacinto

• Santa Anna forced to terms

– Texas Independence

– Rio Grande as border

– Anna repudiated when released

– Texas asks for annexation

– Jackson recognized them, but northern cries of “slavocracy”

– Mexico considered them a province in revolt

• Texas attracts attn of all Europe, esp. Britain

– Cotton, no tariffs

• Election of 1844

– Texas big issue

– Clay—Whig—no platform v.

• Clay waffled on Texas

– Polk—Democrat—pro-Texas, pro-annexation

• 54’40 or fight, California

– Anti-slavery Liberty Party caused Democrat win in NY

– Polk win meant mandate for Tyler

• But, joint resolution

– Mexico left Texas (& US) little choice

• European intrigues draw US into war?

• Oregon

– Britain (Hudson Bay Co. losing population race

• Robert Gray, Lewis & Clark

– Manifest Destiny takes root

– Polk cooled to 54’40 when we got Texas

• At war too

• South not excited for Oregon now

• Oregonians sour on South too

• Problems with Mexico

– Polk wants California

– Mexico recalled ambassador after annex

– Nueces (prior to annex) v. Rio Grande

• Nueces Rio Grande no man’s land

– Slidell to Mexico to buy California

• Not received

• Zack Taylor to Rio w/ 4,000

• American blood shed on American soil

– US declared war

– “spot resolutions”—precise spot

– Northerners not happy

» HD Thoreau—“Civil Disobedience”

– Britain ready to seize CA

• War with Mexico

– Polk hopes for quick victories

– Polk & Santa Anna

• Reneged & rallied

– Taylor heads south

• Buena Vista

– Winfield Scott from Veracruz

• Must capture Mex. City

– Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

– NM & CA

• Effects of war

– 1st invasion

– 13,000 lives—mostly disease

– Lots of experience for the upcoming CW

• Slavery issue rekindled

– Wilmot Proviso

– Southern “Slavocracy”

• Election of 1848

– Democrats—Lewis Cass

• Popular sovereignty, but no stand in territories

– Whigs—Zack Taylor—slaveholder, no stand in territories

– Free-Soil Party—Van Buren

• Against slavery, pro-Wilmot

• Racists who didn’t want to share new lands

• abolitionists

• “free soil, speech, labor, men”

– NY again!

• California dreaming

– John Sutter—49ers

– Grows fast!

– Most anti-slavery, many lawless

– Government badly needed

– Taylor encourages bypass territory and come in free

– Still tied—nothing on horizon for South

• California as precedent for rest of Mexican cession?

• Compromise of 1850—Clay urges North/South to compromise—aided by Taylor’s death

– Fugitive Slave Law

• Underground RR

– Harriet Tubman—“Moses”

– California—balance permanently tilted

– NM & Utah—pop. Sovereignty

• North Opposition to FSL

– $5 if freed, $10 if returned

– Aid in escape?—fines and jail

– Personal liberty laws

• Denied use of jails, hampered fed officials

• Massachusetts refused to enforce (nullification)

– The one saving grace for South is being quashed in North

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852—Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Election of 1852

– Democrats—Franklin Pierce—deadlock led to “dark-horse”

• Pro-slavery northerner

• “the hero of many a well-fought bottle”

– Whigs—no Fillmore—need another war hero

• Winfield Scott

• No consistent support from sectional Whigs

– End of the Whig Party

• Pierce Presidency

– Expansionism

– Wm. Walker—Nicaragua—overthrown

– Cuba—Ostend Manifesto—word leaked to Northerners

– Gadsden Purchase

• West coast difficult to get to

• Secy of War J. Davis sent Gadsden (S. Car.)

• Terminus in South

– Kansas-Nebraska Act

• North wants Terminus

• Stephen Douglas

• Nebraska split into 2 territories

– Popular sovereignty

» Voided MO Comp.

» Voided 1850 FSL in practice in North

» New Republican Party

• Prevent spread of slavery

• Democratic Party becoming very Southern

• Republicans not a factor in South

• New Lecture 2012 begins here

• The Problem with Kansas 1855-1856

– New England Emigration Society

• Abolitionists

• Henry Ward Beecher—“Beecher’s Bibles”

– South fear Kansas to be free

– 1st government

• Border Ruffians—Lecompton—pro-slavery

• Topeka—Free

• Pierce recognizes pro-slavery

– Violence

• Lawrence shot up

• Pottawatomie Creek—John Brown

– Senate problems

• Charles Sumner—“The Crime Against Kansas”

• Andrew Butler—Preston Brooks

• Election of 1856

– Democrats

• Pierce & Douglas tainted by Kansas

• James Buchanan

– Doughface

– Pro-popular sovereignty

– Republicans

• John C. Fremont

• No slavery in territory

– Know-Nothing Party

• Anti-Catholic

• Anti-Foreigners

• Millard Fillmore

– Results

• “Fire-eaters”

• Election of “Black” Republican force them to secede

• Intimidated some in North to vote for Buchanan?

• Dred Scott

– Illinois & Wisconsin Terr.

– Sued for freedom

– Supreme Ct.

– Roger Taney—not a citizen!

– Property! Could be taken anywhere!

– Made MO. Compromise unconstitutional

– Republicans called it an “opinion”

• Defied the Southern majority SC

• Buchanan & Taney part of “Slave Conspiracy”

• Southerners incensed

• Illinois Senate Election 1858

– Douglas

– “Honest” Abe

• K-N Act flipped him to Republicans

– Lincoln-Douglas Debates

• Freeport Doctrine

• Despite SC ruling territories had to pass laws “helping” slavery exist

• Won election, lost Southern support

– Douglas didn’t support Lecompton either

– South split up Party

• Lincoln got attn of party leaders

• John Brown—Part II

– Harper’s Ferry

– Scheme to invade South

– “Secret Six”

– Captured quickly

• Election of 1860

– Democrats split at convention

• Northern wing—Douglas (ILL)

• Southern wing—John C. Breckinridge (KY)

– Federal protection of slavery

– Republicans

• Lincoln—

– South secessionists threaten secession before election

– Internal improvements

– RRs

– Free homesteads

– Protective tariff

– NO EXTENSION OF SLAVERY IN TERRITORIES

– Constitutional Union Party

• John Bell (TN)

• Remnants of Whigs, Know-Nothing

• Secession

– South Carolina—followed by several (7, then 11)

– Montgomery—CSA

• Sooner or later with Republican Party now

• North won’t fight

• Northern economy needed cotton

• South could repudiate debt if war came

– Jeff Davis

– Buchanan “Lame Duck”

• Did nothing

• Compromise?

– Lincoln takes office

– Crittenden Amendment

– Lincoln refused—platform called for no extension of slavery

• Lincoln’s Inaugural

– Respect slavery where it existed

– War in the hands of the South

• Fort Sumter

– South seized Fed. Property within boundaries

– Low on supplies

– Provisions sent

– Anderson/ Beauregard

– Lincoln needed South to be aggressor (Border states stay in Union)

• Border states

– MD—suspended habeas corpus

– MO—guerrilla warfare throughout the war

– Lincoln must say war is preserve Union, not over slavery (at 1st)

– 75,000 for 90 days

– Upper South secedes—Richmond capitol

– South blockaded

• Advantage South

– Defensive war—military superior—cotton

– Dis-ad—no factories—transportation shaky— 9- 3.5 million ppl

• State’s rights problems

• Ad North

– Factories—RRs—navy (military & commercial (for trade with Europe))

– 22 million ppl— + immigration

– Dis-ad—military leaders—rank & file fighters

• Southern aims

– European intervention (cotton)

– Warehouses full—Egypt—India

– North kept GB at bay by—grain, corn, popular sentiment (UT Cabin), issue of slavery

• Diplomacy

– Trent

– “one war at a time”

– CSS Alabama—captured many before sunk off France

• 15.5 million fine 1871

• Staffing

– Draft 1863—hiring of “subs”—Draft Riot NYC

– South—draft 1862 (17-50)!—subs & slave-owners—

• “rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”

• Finances—North

– Nat’l Banking System (Fed. Reserve Bd. today)

• Greenbacks, bonds—tariffs

• First millionaires—military industrial complex

• Finances—South

– Blockaded, bonds, greybacks (reckless abandon), farm tax

– Blockade & invaders crushed economy

– Transportation suffered greatly

• Women—took men’s jobs (farm, industry)—sewing machine—spies

– Profession nurses (Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix)

• And the War Came

– Bull Run

• Army green—maybe win & capture Richmond?

• “picnic-like” atmosphere

• South wins but… think war’s over

• North knew it had to fight harder

– McClellan & Peninsula Campaign

• Overcautious

• Jackson tricks so DC looks vulnerable

• JEB Stuart circles McClellan

• Lee counters defeating Union

– War at Sea

• Blockade becomes more effective

• Merrimac (Virginia)

– Monitor (100 days)

– On to Antietam

• Pope defeated quickly at 2nd Bull Run

• Lee invades Maryland

• McClellan restored

– Plans found

– Bloodiest day in history

– Draw but Mac doesn’t give chase

– Burnside

– Results

» GB & France on verge of recognition

» Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation

• He did where he couldn’t and didn’t where he could

• Strengthened moral cause—esp. abroad

• Off-year elections not good

• Southerners thought he was trying to start an insurrection

• A fight to destroy the “Old South” now

– African-American Efforts

• 180,000 – 38,000 died

• 54th Mass—Fort Wagner—Robert Gould Shaw

• Fort Pillow massacre—300 dead

• South conscripted 1 month before end

– Gettysburg

• Burnside lost at Fredericksburg

– Replaced with “Fighting” Joe Hooker

» Lost at Chancellorsville

» Stonewall Jackson

• Replaced with Meade

• Lee to invade North again

– Take attn off VA—Fred., Chancellorsville

– Rile the peace protesters

– 3 days not decided till

– Pickett’s Charge

» High water mark of Confederacy

• Gettysburg Address

– War in the West

• Where Lincoln found his general

• Henry & Donelson

– Kept KY & opened TN

• Shiloh

• New Orleans—Farragut

– Divided the Confederacy

• Vicksburg

– Last protection for western supply lines

– Day after Gettysburg

• Chattanooga & Chickamauga

– Cleared TN of Confederates

– Grant promoted

– Sherman takes over in West

• Atlanta—Savannah

– Total war

– Life off land

– Sherman “neckties”

– Destroyed supplies & morale

» Desertions up

» Saved worst for South Carolina

– Elections of 1864

• National Union Party—temporary

– Andrew Johnson

• Democrats

– McClellan

• Sheridan & Sherman seal it

• Soldiers vote at front and/or furloughed

• South more despondent

– Grant in the East

• Lee

• Wilderness—Spotsylvania—Cold Harbor

– The “Butcher”

• Siege at Petersburg

• Richmond captured

• Lee cornered at Appomattox

• Davis tries to escape to TX

– Captured in GA jailed

– Lincoln—Ford’s Theatre—John Wilkes Booth

• “Our American Cousin”