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Canola Rotations Influence on Weed Management
K. Neil Harker AAFC Lacombe RDC
SK CIM Mtg. Nov 30, 2016 Saskatoon SK
Outline • Weed Management Phases in Canola
– PPI, POST, HR Canola, Hybrids, ICM
• Weed Survey data • HR Canola
– a Resistance Reprieve – a Resistance Risk
• Weed Resistance – Current & Potential • Prairie Rotations – Current & Future • Novel IWM - HWSC in a Diverse Rotation
1st Weed Management Phase • Canola seeded on land
relatively free of weeds
• Trifluralin (Treflan) – 1965
• Ethalfluralin (Edge) - 1987
2nd Phase - I
• Sethoxydim (Poast) - 1983
• Fluazifop (Fusilade, Venture, etc.) - 1984
• Quizalofop (Assure, Assure II) - 1991
• Clethodim (Select, etc.) - 1992
2nd Phase II • Clopyralid (Lontrel) - 1984
Ethametsulfuron (Muster) - 1990
3rd Phase
• Clearfield canola (1995) • Liberty Link canola (InVigor) (1995)
• Roundup Ready (RR) canola (1996)
• Herbicide Market Dominance: • RR – 47%; LL – 46%; CF – 6% (2010)
3rd Phase – Outcome - means of 9 site-years
O’Donovan et al. 2006. Weed Technology 20:494–501
Herbicide treatment
Weed biomass
Canola yield
Net return
________ kg ha-1 ________ $ ha-1
Glyphosate 296 1722 354 Glyphosate x 2 136 1688 321 Ethalfluralin + Sethoxydim + Ethametsulfuron + Clopyralid
410 1630 165
* Red values are significantly higher than the last 4-herbicide treatment (P < 0.05)
4th Phase
• Adoption of ICM systems (On-Going) – Competitive crop canopies
• Crop residue management • Vigorous cultivar (hybrids) • Shallow seeding • Adequate plant population • Adequate soil fertility
– Cropping system diversity – Adopting New Weed Management Tools
• HWSC - chaff collection example
Group 1 (A) (ACCase) Resistant Wild Oat
Alberta
2001: 11% of fields
2007: 39% of fields
2014: > 50%
Provincial Resistance Maps By Hugh Beckie
Reduction in Conservation Tillage
Slide provided by Larry A. Steckel, U Tennessee
Hand weeding in cotton (2016) ~ 50% of cotton fields in TN ~ 80% of cotton fields in GA
Slide provided by Larry A. Steckel, U Tennessee
Tennessee Herbicide Costs 2006 vs. 2014
60
30
30
110
90
65
0 30 60 90 120
Cotton
Soybean
Corn
$ / acre
20142006
Adapted from Larry A. Steckel, U Tennessee
2010 Alberta Weed Survey - Dryland Crops
J. Leeson, C. Neeser N. Kimmel and M. Vadnais Weed Survey Series – Pub. 12-1 (2012)
Alberta – RA Rank (986 fields)
1. Wild buckwheat 2. Wild oat 3. Cleavers 4. Canada thistle 5. Dandelion 6. Canola 7. Chickweed 8. Lambsquarters (C4) 9. Spiny annual sowthistle 10. Narrow-leaved hawksbeard
Top 10 Weeds – Spring Wheat - Relative Abundance (336 fields)
45.1
30.4
22.6
16.2
15.1
13.1
12
11.8
10.7
8.8
0 10 20 30 40 50
Wild buckwheat
Wild oat
Canola
Canada thistle
Western marsh cudweed
Spiny annual sowthistle
Chickweed
Cleavers
Dandelion
Green foxtail
Post Management Surveys (after herbicides)
Top 10 Weeds – Canola - Relative Abundance (252 fields)
40.2
21
18.7
16.3
15.2
15
14
13.7
13.6
12.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Wild buckwheat
Wheat
Cleavers
Lambsquarters
Wild oat
Canada thistle
Shepherdspurse
Field horsetail
Stinkweed
Dandelion
Post Management Surveys (after herbicides)
Top 10 Weeds – Field Peas - Relative Abundance (65 fields)
46.4
22.8
20.2
18.1
16.9
16.1
13.2
12.6
12.1
11.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Cleavers
Wheat
Wild buckwheat
Field horsetail
Canola
Canada thistle
Wild oat
Perennial sowthistle
Spiny annual sowthistle
Dandelion
Post Management Surveys (after herbicides)
2009 SK: 21% of fields
surveyed
(Galium spurium)
Thomas & Leeson Prairie Weed Surveys
Western Canada Herbicide MOAs In-crop herbicides in field crops (2006-2010) Site of Action
Wheat
Barley
Canola
Flax
Field Pea
Lentil
__________________________ % of fields __________________________
1 76 86 100 24 44 2 23 12 0 76 48 3 0 0 0 0 8 8 1 2 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 (n) 775 280 49 129 49
Adapted from: Beckie et al. 2013 Weed Technol. 27:171-183
Western Canada Herbicide MOAs In-crop herbicides in field crops (2006-2010) Site of Action
Wheat
Barley
Canola
Flax
Field Pea
Lentil
__________________________ % of fields __________________________
1 76 86 6 100 24 44 2 23 12 15 0 76 48 3 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 1 2 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 42 0 0 0
10 0 0 37 0 0 0 (n) 775 280 345 49 129 49
Adapted from: Beckie et al. 2013 Weed Technol. 27:171-183
Canola 1 year in 2 – AB, SK, MB
Leeson, Saskatoon, SK (2011-2015 preliminary)
Percent of fields
0 5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Percent of fields
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Leeson, Saskatoon, SK (2011-2015 preliminary)
Continuous Canola – AB, SK, MB
Western Canada Rotations
11 Regional Crops Specialists, Scientists, or Professors were asked
2 Questions (March 2016)
• What is the most popular rotation NOW? - More than 1 answer was allowed
• What should rotations be in the FUTURE?
Western Canada Crop Rotations - NOW
Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 # (of 11) Canola Wheat Canola Wheat 9
Canola Wheat Pulse Barley 2
Soybean Corn Soybean Corn 2
Canola Canola Canola Canola 1
Soybean Soybean Soybean Soybean 1
Canola
Wheat
W Wheat
Oats
Barley
SoyEB Fl
Sun FP Corn
Soybean
Edible Bean
Flax
Sunflower
Field Pea
2007
Canola
Wheat
W Wheat
Oats
Barley
Soy
EBFl
Sun FP Corn
2014
Manitoba Crops
Trying out HWSC – Chaff Collection Novel IWM Systems
2016-2020
Sites (6)
Gray Dark Gray Black
Dark Brown Brown
Beaverlodge (AAFC)
Lacombe (AAFC)
Alberta Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Novel IWM Systems
Scott (AAFC)
Winnipeg (U of M) Lethbridge (AAFC)
Saskatoon (U of S)
Greg Semach
K. Neil Harker Breanne Tidemann
Kelly Turkington
Eric Johnson Chris Willenborg Steve Shirtliffe
Cindy Gampe
Rob Gulden Bob Blackshaw Newton Lupwayi
Elwin Smith
Perennial Forage
2X Winter Triticale
2X Barley Silage
2X Spring Barley
Chaff Collection
Average Weed Seed Retention – Preliminary
B. Tidemann, PhD thesis
Swath (wheat)
Straight-Cut (wheat)
Western Canada Crop Rotations - FUTURE
• “We need more perennial forages” (6/11) • “We need more pulse crops” (4/11) • “We need more winter cereals” (3/11) • “The lack of livestock integration on farms
limits forage production & IWM” (2/11) • “Our diversity message has not worked for
decades, we need to promote diversity that someone will actually use” (1/11)
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