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7/30/2019 CAn ThE BIBLE BE ComPLETELy InSPIREd By God And yET STILL ConTAIn ERRoRS?
1/22
1
WTJ73(2011): 1-22
SPECIAL LECTURE
CAn ThE BIBLE BE CmPLETELy InSPIRE By G
An yET STILL CnTAIn ERRRS?
A RESPnSE T SmE RECEnT EvAnGELICAL PRPSALS
G. K. Beale
T s b uc ittu witt t pst t s t tpic
t utit t Bib, spci iscussis witi s-c -gicis ccig t tu t tis iibiit ic.
Rct wits spci qusti t titi ustig
ic. I pticu, ct i uig ic s b tt sic
G is tu witut , t, is w is tu witut
, csqut, is w i Sciptu is tu witut . Tis ipi-
cti tgic ic tt ss Gs fwss cct t
fwss Sciptu s b cg, it s b gu tt it is gi-
c ucti tt is i t Bib. Accig, it is gu tt
tug G, cus, is tu witut , c, i s,ispi all Sciptu i suc w tt, tss, t ks u
ibiit w it it. Tus, t wt w wu csi t b
s i t bibic txt, but G s ispi ts s t
pt is ssg t is pp.
T b ct bks tt gu tis.1 But pps t cst
xp is A. T. B. mcGws ct bk, The Divine Authenticity o Scripture.2
mcGw ss, xp:
T bsic t itists is t isist tt t ic t autographais ict ipicti t bibic cti ispiti ( ii spiti). I
t tis ipicti, t itists k uwt ssupti but
G. T ssupti is tt, gi t tu cct G, t ki
Sciptu cu bt ut ws Sciptu tt is txtu it. I t ws
Gregory K. Beale is Proessor o New Testament and Biblical Theology at Westminster Theological Seminary. This
article is a revised version o a special lecture he gave at the seminary in the spring o 2009.1 F istc, I tik tis is ipicti Pt Ess bk, Inspiration and Incarnation:
Evangelicals and the Problem o the Old Testament(G Rpis: Bk, 2005), .g., s t ipicti
pp. 48-49. F xtsi iw Ess bk s G. K. B, The Erosion o Inerrancy in Evan-
gelicalism(Wt: Cssw, 2008), 25-122.2 A. T. B. mcGw, The Divine Authenticity o Scripture: Retrieving an Evangelical Heritage(ws
G, I.: Itvsit, 2007).
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WESTmInSTER ThELGICAL JURnAL2
istk i t autographa, t G ct b t ut, bcus
is icpb .3
Agi ss tt t itist gut is tt
Sic G is pct s t is us sic G is pwu b
t tigs, it is iccib tt wu w istks i tis pcss
Sciptu-pucti. . . .
c s t gic tis pgssi bibic ppsiti (Sciptu is
G-bt) t ipicti (t Sciptu ust b it) b s
cicti but t tu cct G ( is pct t s t
i is).4
Tis itist psuppsiti sts mcGws g tis pt is bk,
s ss:
Fist, I s stt tt ic is, t bst, ipicti t t bibic
cti. Sc, I s stt tt it is tiist. T, ti, I s -
stt tt t uig ssupti ustits G uis t sigi-
cc t u uts Sciptu.5
Accig t tis iw t, su bi tt w t Bib is
ii ispi but t tt t Bib is witut .
m tic wi ttpt t sp t bk Rti t iws ik
tt mcGw. I wi ct t wig: (1) tt J is xpicitbut t cti ic t tik; (2) tt J, i pticu,
xpicit s t Cists cct s tu t ppis t ttibut
tut Cists cct t t witt w Rti s big tu.
Tus, I wi gu tt J pt ss c ccti btw t fw-
ssss Cist t tt Sciptu i Rti. I t ccusi, I wi
ct wt tis is uiqu tu Js Apcps t
pcptic bks ik i Ezki wt t s pits i
Rti its tt pp Js ti t u tut is bk t tt
t bks t T. T wi s b ct t w/ccpt c-usi ccig wt t t ctu w ic s t b us i
Sciptu t ccpt t b bibic ccpt. I wi gu tt wi t
pcis w ic s t pp i Sciptu, t ccpt xpicit
s. Tis s t k t cti ipicti uss its t
w/ccpt isticti.
T t j pts tis tic, t st tw wic cuci
bckgu gist wic t iw t ti scti, wic is t i sps
t mcGws tsis. I t st pt t tic, I gu tt J ws gi
t s pptic cissi t wit Gs w s ws Ezki t ppt.Sc, I k t t sigicc R 22:18-19 t pptic utit
3 Ibi., 113.4 Ibi., 114.5 Ibi.
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3CAn ThE BIBLE BE InSPIRE An STILL CnTAIn ERRRS?
t witt Rti, w J puts is witigs utitti
p wit mss Sciptu.
Wit ts tw ituct is tt stt tt J puts is witigs
p wit ts Ezki mss, I wi t pc t ss t itpic t tic: s J k t xpicit css ccti
btw Gs tu cct Cists tu cct t tu c-
ct Sciptu?
I.Johns Prophetic Commission to Write Is Based on theProphetic Commission o Ezekiel to Write
T pt cissis J witi t Bk Rti,
wic bs t pt pptic cissis Ezki.
Ezki Rti
2:2 As h spk t t Spiit t
st t
3:12 T t Spiit it up, I
gt ubig su bi
3:14 S t Spiit it up tk
w . . . t t Lord
ws stg .
3:24 T Spiit t t
st t, h spk
wit
8:3 t Spiit it up btw
t bugt i t
isis G t Jus . . . Ezk 8:4
A b, t g t G Is
wast
11:1 m, t Spiit it up
bugt t t st gt t Lords
us
11:24 A t Spiit it up
bugt i isi b t Spiit
G t t xis i C.
37:1 h [t L] bugt ut b
t Spiit t Lord st w i
t i t
43:5 A t Spiit it up
bugt it t i cut;
b, t g t Lord t
us.
1:10 I ws i t Spiit t Ls ,
I bi u ic ik
the sound tupt,
4:1 At ts tigs I k,
b, standingp i ,
t st ic wic I , ik
the sound tupt spkig wit ,
si, C up , I wi sw u
wt ust tk pc t ts tigs.
R 4:2 Iit I ws i t Spiit;
b, t ws stig i
, sittig t t.
17:3 A ci w i t Spiit
it wiss
21:10-11 A ci w i t
Spiit t gt ig uti,
sw t cit, Jus . . .
ig t g G
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T itucti Js cissi i 1:10 is ci i t gug t
ppt Ezkis pt ptu i t Spiit, tus itiig Js -
ti wit pptic utit ik tt Ezki. Uppst i i t
cs Ezk 23 (spci 3:12), tug t t cs b icu.6
T ps ccig t tupt i R 4:1c w b t ptu i
t Spiit (4:2) sws ik wit c. 1, sic t s cbiti ccus i
t cissiig scti t (1:10-11.) J s t t st ic
wic (c. 1:12, w it pps t b t ic Cist). Tis
ik t c. 1 sws tt J is ctiuig t u t pptic cissi t
wit b cig t wig isis. T ituct scti 4:1-2 c-
cus wit fcti t ppt Ezkis pt ptu i t Spiit,
ut itiig Js pptic cissi wit tt Ezkis.I t bgiig R 17:3, g ci J it t st i t
Spiit i t tspt i t t isi w cu iw t
isi. T ps i t Spiit xpsss istutit sp: i
b t Spiit. Tis is u pptic cissi, wic is bs t
sii us xpssig Ezkis pt pptic cissis (sp-
ci Ezk 8:3; 11:1, 24; 43:5, tug Ezk 2:2 3:12, 14, 24 ik ccti
ctibut t t pictu). I c cs, Ezki is cugt up b t Spiit t
psiz tt is ssg is G. Sii, Js tspt it t
t Spiit uscs is pptic cissi utit, s s i R 1:10 4:2. T s usi t Ezkis pptic c-
issiig ccus i R 21:10.
Pticu sigict is t cissi i Ezk 43:5: T Spiit it
up bugt it t i cut; b t g t L
t us. Sic Ezki s b tspt it t i cut, sts i
t ist tis ii g. Pt is pptic cissi i tis ctxt is
t scib t tp t t us Is b witig it i ti sigt (43:10-
11). Tis is ik t tip t icbg tt s tt Ezkis pptic c-
issi ti t ti witt t bk ttibut t i. Cs-qut, is pptic cissi xts t t is pptic spc
t Is but t is cig Gs ssg i witt . Likwis, Js
cissi tis t sig isis G ig Gs w
but s puttig ts isis ii ws it witt . 7
T is xt c t Ezkis cissiig tt is
ppi t Js:
6 Tis iticti wit pptic utit is c b t iti scipti t
ic wic J s gt ic s tupt, kig t s ic wic mss
w yw is mut Sii (Ex 19:16, 19-20).7 S R 1:10-11, 19, wic t t witig t ti bk, s w s 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7,
12, 14; 14:13; 19:9; 21:5, wic t t witig pts t bk.
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5CAn ThE BIBLE BE InSPIRE An STILL CnTAIn ERRRS?
Ezki 23 Rti 10
2:8 nw u, s , ist t wt I
spkig t u; t b bius
ik tt bius us. p u
ut t wt I giig u.
2:9 T I k, b, ws
xt t ; , sc wasi it.
2:10 W h sp it ut b , it
ws witt t t bck,
witt it w ttis,
uig w.
3:1 T h si t , S , t
wt u ; t tis sc, g,
spk t t us Is.
3:2 S I p ut, h
tis sc.
3:3 h si t , S , u
stc u b wit tis sc
wic I giig u. T I t it,
it ws swt s i ut.
3:4 T h si t , S , g
t t us Is spk wit m
ws t t.
10:8 T t ic wic I
, I heardgi spkig wit ,
sig, G, tk t bk wic is
p i t t g w sts
t s t .
10:9 S I wt t t g, tig i t
gi t itt bk. A si t ,
Tk it t it; it wi k u
stc bitt, but i u ut it wi
b swt s .
10:10 I tk t itt bk ut t
gs t it, i ut
it ws swt s ; w I
t it, stc ws bitt.
10:11 A t si t , yu ust
pps gi ccig pps
tis tgus kigs.
T ss cpti t bk sbic cts is pptic c. T
c t cig ut t c t tk t bk csu
it is pictu ptig is -cissi t bc ppt. As w
s, tis s b stt i R 1:10 4:1-2 b s usi
t t ppt Ezkis pptic cissi. I t s , t Ezkiusi is ppi gi wit t itic i issuig pptic cis-
si t J. T pcis c is c t Ezk 2:83:3. T ppt Ez-
ki, ik J t i, is cissi b big t t tk sc t t
it, wit t sut tt its t ssg ws swt s i ut.
T ppts tig t sc sigis is iticti wit its ssg. h
is t ppit iist G t t i t ssg wig, but
spci t uc t jugt up wic G s ci,
tug t wi sp pt (.g., Ezk 3:20; 9:4-6; 14:21-23).
Ezkis tig t sc is ppi t J wit t s ig,tug t istic situti is it. Tug t s ics
btw t tis Ezkis Js cissiig,8 t tpic
8 F u xpti t us Ezk 2:83:3, s G. K. B, Revelation(nIGTC; G
Rpis: Es, 1999), 550-53.
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WESTmInSTER ThELGICAL JURnAL6
tig Gs w pst bt ppts ti tt iticti
wit subissi t t ii wi s quicti ti big suitb
pptic istuts i t G. Ti ssg cis wit it t
pw Gs w bcus it is Gs w, it is tis tt t cis-si t i. I ctst t Ezki, J is wig, t Is, but t
cuc gist ubi cpis wit t itus w, s w s
wig t w ubis tss.
T pit pt ppig Ezkis cissi t tt Js
tugut t Apcps is t usc tt s t s pptic
utit s Ezki t ppt. As w s i t cs Ezki, J t
spks Gs w but G cissis i t put t ii w it
witt (s Ezk 43:11 [c. 24:1-2], R 1:10-11, 19, t itucti
t c t s tts; ikwis t t ipicti R 22:18-19). Ict, t i utitti pptic cissiig tt xts t t
witt ppts ssg s its ts i t T. I pticu, t
c t wit i bk (gra&yon ei0j bibli/on) i R 1:11 is fcti t cg gi b yw t is pptic sts t cuict t Is
t ti t ci (s LXX Ex 17:14; Is 30:8; J 37:2; 39:44;
Tb 12:20). A suc cissis i t ppts w cs t wit tsti-
is jugt gist Is (s LXX Is 30:8; J 37:2; 39:44; c. s Ex
34:27; Is 8:1; J 36:2; hb 2:2). F xp, J 37:2 (LXX) ss, Tus spks
t L G Is, sig, Wit t ws wic I spk t u i bk. muc Js ssg ikwis is cc wit ucts
jugt, s ppt tug bsig t jugts t ss, tupts,
bws, s w s t sciptis jugt u i t bk.
I t igt ctp bts iibiit s. ic
bts but t iti ic its iscuss i t ituc-
ti, is it usuitb qusti t sk but t tu Ezkis
Js cissi t wit w t w G? Tt is, is it ccib tt
ti witt w ctis ix ib tt wit it ti, w-
s sigt t ? , is ti witt w t b s xusti i its tis t b Gs fwss w? Tis issu wi st b ss i Ezki
i t scti w it p t sw tis qusti i Rti. T
I wi cus t ic Rti its t ti i it s
igt tis t issu.
T st ti Ezkis cissi is stt (Ezk 2:2), its pupss
is tt Is wi kw tt ppt s b g t (2:5; s s 33:33).
T su wt Ezki is t s s ppt is u s s t t, Tus
ss t L G (2:4; ikwis 2:7, u wi spk ws t t). Rc
tt Ezkis cissi icus puttig ts ii ws it witt .Sigict, Ezkis ws ctst wit t s ig ws
s ppts i Is (12:24; 13:7, 9, 23; 21:23, 29; 22:28). F xp, t s
ppts pps tt t wi b pc i Is, spit t tis si
(13:10, 16). Ti ppc wi b sw t b s Ezkis ppc tt
stucti is cig Jus bcus psts wi c tu, wic
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7CAn ThE BIBLE BE InSPIRE An STILL CnTAIn ERRRS?
sws is tu ppt: S w it cs t pss [Ezkis ppc]s it
su wit t wi kw tt ppt s b i ti ist (33:33).
T s ppts spk bcus t pps ti w t
t w ti w spiit i ti ppsig (13:2-3).Tus, t ctst btw Ezki t t ppts is tt t
spks wits Gs w, ws t tt pps tss
spk istk. T is it ttiig tig ib, s,
utu i Ezkis w sitig ut t ipu t pu ii w
i Ezkis witigs. Rt, t is bsut ctst btw t ppt
Ezki t s ppts. Tis bckgu is pt Js pp t t
pt pptic cissis Ezki,9 wic c b s t
pt cissis J t wit, wic pc i ctst t s
ppts i t ist t cucs.10 W wi s t issu s tcig ictst t Js witt w is gi i t bk.
II. The Signicance o Revelation 22:18-19 or the Prophetic Authorityo the Written Form o Revelation
vss 18-19 suiz t Bk Rti s w w c t w
Is, wic is t w c t tic Is. Tug
ctts t ut 4, J us t sis wig pssgs
tugut ut:
ut Rti 22:18-19
t sttuts . . . u s t t
t w . . . tk w it (4:1-2;
ikwis 12:32); it wi b w
s t ws . . . cus wic is
witt i tis bk wi st i,
t L wi bt ut is
u (29:19-20).
I tsti t w s t ws
. . . i s t t, G wi
t i t pgus wic b
witt i tis bk, i tks
w t ws t bk . . . , G
wi tk w is pt t t i
t cit . . .
9 S Ric Buck, The Climax o Prophecy(Eibug: T&T Ck, 1993), 150-59, w s
ckwgs t pptic cissiig Ezki s t bckgu Js cissiig
i R 1:10; 4:2; 17:3; 21:10. Tug s t cus t witt it Ezkis
Js ppc, s s tt Js ci tt t w ti [tt] c t i
e)n pneu/mati ws t pups pssig t ti (158), tt t utticti Js ssg t is t i t xpic s suc but i t ci tt it tk pc u t
ct t Spiit c t i tug Jsus Cist G (159). Likwis, t Spiit ispi
Js cpti [ t ssg], i t Spiit, pptic ssg t b gi t ts (159).10 S R 2:12 i ti t 2:14-15 2:18 i ti t 2:20-24; c s tt ts cs
t wit xtsis 1:10-11, wic pt pps t Ezkis pptic cissi.
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Fut siiitis cig t ik btw ut R 22:18-
19 :
(1) i t igt t ict pcig wig ctxts c t tut pssgs, it is c tt t spcic wigs gist it, s
is t cs i R 22 (c. 21:8, 27; 22:15);
(2) psiti sps t bt t T nT wigs suts i t w i i
t w (ut 4:1; 12:28-29; c. R 21:122:5 wit 22:14, 17-19);
(3) bt s us t tig pgus t scib t puist uit-
uss (s ta_j plhga/j i ut 29:21 R 22:18).
Wt is t ig ig t tkig w t t
ws? T sw ust b sugt i ut. I bt ut 4:1-2
12:32 t gug ss s tw wig gist cpti tcig tt tt it ws t icsistt wit it i t G Is (s
ut 4:3, wic us t t B-P pis nu 25:1-9, 14-18, ut
13). Ts w ci i tis w s ppts (s ut 13:1-2.); t
tt ut 12:32 t Egis txt t LXX (s = 13:1) is pc b t
hbw Bib t Tgus (qs nti) s t st s c.
13, wic itucs t subjct s ppts (c. t s ppt B
w ws bi t cpti B-P: s s R 2:14). Suc s tc-
ig uts t ig t Gs Lw. Fut, it is ttut t tkig
w Gs Lw, sic it its t psiti ws gist it, cs-qut uiig ti iit. T isbic wig tis s tc-
ig is pbb icu i t u wig ut 4:2 12:32, s ut
29:19-20 cs.
T, ig tkig w s t t , g isbi-
c t t ii w, but t s tcig but t isciptut w
wig suc cpti tcig. Bi i t biig tut Gs w is
t psuppsiti psiti bic t it: c. ut 4:2, u s t
. . . tk win order thatu kp t cts t L.
T cit n Est tt cuts, t wic ut 4 is ,s w ptct gist itti ttis b s iscipti
sctis cuss.11 T witt suc tt cuts ws bsut
utitti iib, s w t ccpts xpss i t. A cus
wu c up w t pt t witt t c
i i t u pt t bigtis. F xp, i t tt
Tuis Iv wit Ui-Tsub t wig iscipti cus is xpss:
W . . . cgs but w tis tbt . . . t tuss gs
tis tbt t tt s scts ut t htti.12 nt ws
t pibiti gist cgig t wig tig but i it u t ws tis tt . . . t gs . . . t t wi bt u ut.13
11 mit G. Ki, The Structure o Biblical Authority(G Rpis: Es, 1972), 27-38.12 Ibi., 29.13 S ibi., 30, t pi sucs ts quttis.
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9CAn ThE BIBLE BE InSPIRE An STILL CnTAIn ERRRS?
Tt gs wu c t pt bkig suc ttis ipi t t-
tis tss, w t ti ws, pssss ii utit. Likwis,
t t gic icttis Egpt w si t b utit ut b
ius gs.14 Tt t utit ts AnE cuts xt t t t ccpts xpss i t but w t ti ws is s bck-
gu t t ut tt witt Is gi t t b G
tug mss. Tis is t st pbb w t tk uts sttt
tt u s t . . . tk w i tt u kp t c-
ts t L (ut 4:2) t ccptu it wig i
ut 29:19-20: it wi b w s t ws . . . cus wic is
witt i tis bk wi st i [w s isb t cs witt
i t bk], t L wi bt ut is u (29:19-20).
T tw wig 22:18-19 is ict gist ts w st wsuc sucti tcig. Tis utic bckgu is kb suitb
t R 22:18-19, sic t sciptis i t t ic ists 21:8, 21:27,
22:15 ccu b psizig t cptiss t ug i cc-
ti wit it. Csqut, t t t ws Js ppc is t
pt t s tcig tt it is t icsistt wit it i Cist.
T tk w t ws t bk tis ppc is s t c
suc cpti tcig, sic it wu it itit t iit R-
tis xttis gist it. A, s i ut ( c b
its AnE bckgu), bt t ws t ccpts csxpss b ts ws w iib ci bsut utit.
Rkb gus is 1 En. 104:11, w t t cg tk w
ws s t s su t i, su t tk ccut . . .
is, t t pt t ws igtusss t pctic gt
cits. T 1 Enochtxt is pt t utic titi it wic J
s s tpp.
I stikig sii si, Jspus (Ag. Ap. i.42-43) us t t s
wig ut 4:2 ss it s wig gist cti icius scibs
s w s Isit w wu tik but t gig t ti T st cs G, t biig b t uttig sig w gist
t. Bt 1 Enoch Jspus s s tt bt bkig t ccptu
xpss cs ut tig t iiiu
ws big w gist.
Tis sis ts w s wit t situti t cucs pt i cs.
23 Rti, wic pict t cucs ctig it t
g t, tug t t succssu. Stikig, s t s
tcs ti ws cugig it i t cuc Pgu
iti s ts w t tcig B, w kpt tcigBk t put stubig-bck b t ss Is, t t tigs scic
t is, t cit iit (s 2:14). T s cpti tcig ws
s pt i t cuc Tti (s 2:20-23). Suc s ppts w
14 Ibi., 31.
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WESTmInSTER ThELGICAL JURnAL10
istt t tut it ig s tg tkig w t
tut. E w wu itti cg t ws is ik
i i, sic suc itti wu pbb b t t s tcig.15
I ctst, t ws ig b witt i tis bk b J tut utt tustwt.
III.Johns Prophetic Commission to Write True Words Is Based on theTruthul Character o God and Christ rom Whom the Words Come
I iti t t bckgu Ezki R 22:18-19, wic I ss
i t st tw sctis tis tic, w s t Bk Rti its
ttst spcic t t tu Js witt c? W s i
t st tw sctis b tt R 22:18-19 sws tt t witt Rti is bsut iib, w s tt t pt c-
s t wit t t bgiig c t s tts is ict p-
t t iiti pptic cissi i 1:10-11. W s s tt t
Ezki cissi i t ppt spkig witig w Gs
ws, tt Js cissi is i t s .
A itt fcti Js cissi t wit uswig tutu
ws b ut iuitig, spci s tis is ik t t fwss c-
ct G Cist. T ipti t wit i t tts cis tis i.
At c c t J t wit, t wig ssg bcs t ws Cist, wic t t c tt is s si t b t ws t
Spiit: w s , t i wt t Spiit ss t t cucs.
Tus, Js witt w is s t w Cist t Spiit. C
ts s pist ssgs cti u Js pt ix wit
t tu ssg Cist t Spiit? T is cti it i t tts
tt tis cu b t cs. I ct, t t c t wit i c t
tts, t ws iit s-itucti b Cist, wig s
tu b wic ws pt i c. 1 i is ct giig J is pptic
cissi. S t tus i c. 1 i cs. 23 scib Jsus s ii big.16 As ii big, it is t igi tt Cist cu cis-
si J t wit is (Cists) ws t cutc tt Js ws
wu t pst t pit Cists ws. Tt is, Js cig ut
Cists cissi ct cti u fws tt wu busct
Cists ssg t pit.
It is tu tt tis ccusi but Js fwss ssg, w, sts
tcic gic uctis, wic I tik fw ict ut t t i
Ezki, Ezkis us i Rti, i R 22:18-19 s xi. Ts
ics , i, ics t w b t itpts R-ti (suc s s) but I wi ct tt t ics s xpicit
15 Tis pcig scti R 22:18-19 is bs B, Revelation, 1150-54, wic s
ut.16 wic s t ct R 1:8, 14, 17, 3:7, 14 i B, Revelation, i c.
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11CAn ThE BIBLE BE InSPIRE An STILL CnTAIn ERRRS?
xgtic uc t i Rti its. Ts xpicit ics wi
w b ss.
T i tis tic wi gu t wig: (1) tt J is c-
t wit w t ws G Cist i bk, (2) t witt ws wi b itu tu, (3) becauset c
Cist G, w itu tu. (4) A bcus J wits u
pptic ispiti utit, wt wits uswig psts wt
s G Cist s. T, t cct G Cist s
uswig tu is gi s t bsis Js witt w i Rti s
big uswig tu. Tus, t gic ucti but t tu
Sciptu tt is t icsig big c it qusti is t uc-
ti tt I wi ccu is big i Rti.
T u pssgs i Rti tt tgt stt tt Jswitt w is ti tu bcus it is t G w psssss t tti-
but bsut tut:
R 3:14 T t g t cuc i Lic wit: T A, t itu tu
Witss, t Bgiig t cti G, ss tis:
R 19:9 T si t , Wit, Bss ts w iit t t ig
supp t Lb. A si t , Ts tu ws G.
R 21:5 A h w sits t t si, B, I kig tigs w.
A h si, Wit, ts ws itu tu.
R 22:6 A si t , Ts ws itu tu; t L, t G
t spiits t ppts, st his g t sw t his b-sts t tigs
wic ust s tk pc.
1. Revelation 3:14
Rti 3:14 cuss t tutu ii cct Cist, cs. 19,
21, 22 pp tis ii ttibut t w Js witt w is t b csi-
tu. I ct, t sttts i R 21:5 22:6 ict pt
R 3:14, sic t cti t sttt itu tu (, s wwi s, R 19:9 is pbb s ik t t t sttts i cs. 21
22). Fut, t ik btw R 3:14 tt 21:5 22:6 is
stgt b bsig tt t ts pssgs u t Is 65:16:
Bcus w is bss i t t wi b bss b t G truth; w
sws i t t wi sw b t G truth; bcus t tubs -
gtt, bcus t i m sigt!
Tis usi t Isi st s t b stbis i R 3:14, t it c b
s w t t pssgs pt bt R 3:14 its ct Isi. Tt Is 65:16 is t pi suc Cists tits i R 3:14 is
suppt b s is ic, wic wi b suiz .17 Fist, o(a)mh/n (t A) is Sitic quit t t Gk itu (pisto&j), s
17 Ts is ic xp up i ibi., 297-301.
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w s tu (a)lhqino/j), wic is it t Sptugits tpic ts-ti b i s t tNm) (t b itu) i bpisto&j, but s stis ba)lhqino/j.18 T, t t iR 3:14 cu b xp tsti Isis A. Suc pi-cti Isis A is pit t ut b cig tt t hbw txt
s twic t G s t G tut [Nm)], wic is tst i t w-ig ws b it sis t Gk T:
Isi 65:16 Rti 3:14
t G . . . t G A.
(E Gk Bibs t tis pit t
G (a)mh/n), ts ist
t tu [a)lhqino/n] G, sti ts
t itu [usig i pticipi
pisteu/w] G.)
(Cist is) t , t itu
tu witss,
a)mh/n, o( ma&rtuj o( pisto&j kai_ a)lhqino/j
I tis igt, t tit t itu tu witss i R 3:14 is bst tk s
itptti tsti A Is 65:16.19 Tus, t u Gk -
sis Is 65:16 tgt itu t s pi igs s tt R 3:14. nw s i Sciptu ts t ws, A, itu,
tu, u i cbiti, tis is tu wit t cbiti
itu tu.20
At tu pitig t usi t Is 65:16 is tt A i bt t
T nT usu is sps b pp t w G t p,
it stis s t Jsus tustwt sttts. hw, bsti
uscig ut ik btw Is 65:16 R 3:14 is tt ts t
tw pssgs i t ti Bib w A is . Fi, t bss-
ig t G tut, wic is g t i Is 65:16, is p-cis ust i t wig s t b tt t w cti wic
18 S htc Rpt, Concordance to LXX, i c.19 T Sptugit s t trueG (to\n qeo\n to\n a)lhqino/n, LXX); t sis Tti
Scus suppt t tsti t G Amen (a)mh/n); Aqui, J, mS 86suppt t bsic ig t G aithulness (Aqui s e0n tw|~ qew~| pepistwme/nwj, wicps t bi itu s pt t u ps b wic t bssig is
i t t wi b bss itu b G).20 2:45 (T.) s bit s cbis t tw ws (tu is t
itu is its itptti [a)lhqino\n to\ e)nu/pnion kai\ pisth\ h( su/gkrisij au)tou=]), but t is ti w cti t s t is i R 3:14 (tug s t pssib sc c
2:45 i t iscussi R 22:6 bw). S s 3 mcc 2:11 w G is t s
itu . . . tu (pisto\j . . . kai\ a)lhqino/j), but i tis c t is tig but cti w cti but Gs ituss i tu xcutig jugt. I tis w i i, it wu
sti b kig t s pit but Gs cct. T i mccbs txts tss
w s b usis t Is 65:16.
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13CAn ThE BIBLE BE InSPIRE An STILL CnTAIn ERRRS?
wi big but: F b, I ct w s w t (Is
65:17). Likwis, t ict wig cus i R 3:14 t T A, t
itu tu witss is t bgiig t cti G, wic pb-
b s, t t t bgiig cti i G 1, but t t suct Jsuss t bgiig t w cti. T c ptt pps s ws:
Isi 65:16-17 Rti 3:14
t G . . . t G A.
b, I ct w s
w t
(Cist is) t , t itu
tu witss,
(Cist is) t bgiig t (w)
cti G.
Tus, just s i Is 65:16-17, s i R 3:14 t ii ttibuts A
(= itu tu) w b c t w cti. Tis uiqu tw-
ptt pits ut t R 3:14 big pt Is 65:16-17.
Tt Cist s t bgiig t cti G s t t w
cti is s ppt cgizig tt R 3:14 is pt
R 1:5:
Rti 1:5 Rti 3:14
t itu witss,
t st-b t
t , t itu tu witss,
t bgiig t cti G.
T st p i R 1:5, Cist s itu witss, is ict w b
is big st-b t , just s i 3:14 Cist s itu witss is
ict w b bgiig t cti G. hc, tis p
sws tt t bgiig t (w) cti G is bgu i Jsus su-cti (s t ct b). Tis p is stt ut b cig
tt Cists s-ituctis i c t t tts i R 23
is it sttt pt stig i c. 1. It is uik tt
t ps t bgiig t cti G is t pt Cists
s s-ituctis tt is t i c. 1. It is pbb tt tis
ps t bgiig t cti G is t uig t t st cti
i t bk Gsis but is itptti pps Jsus s t st-
b t i 1:5. I tis igt, R 3:14 s p R 1:5 tug
ustig it s bgiig ut Is 65:16-17.It s t b usc ci t tis pit tt t bssig t
G tut [ , ituss], wic is g t
i Is 65:16, is pcis ust i t wig s t b t pis
bssig t w cti wic wi big but: F b, I ct
w s w t (Is 65:17; t s t itit Is 65:16 wit
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WESTmInSTER ThELGICAL JURnAL14
65:17 i t pt ps t sc i c s, t tu-
bs [tigs] gtt [s t b b]. Tis G is his
gut tt wi su big but w cti, wic piss t
i Is 65:17. Thereore, God promises in Isa 65:16-17 to create a new earth, and hegives assurance in v. 16 that he will ulfll this promise because he is completely trustworthy,
dependable, reliable, and true. Gods word o promise is true and it cannot be broken or
nullifed nor can he be seen to be mistaken in making this promise.
T i pit wt I wt t s but R 3:14 is tt Cist is iti
wit t tu, itu, G Is 65:16. Sic Jsus is iti wit
t G Isi, is just s tustwt, pb, ib, tu21 i is
cct spk w (R 3:7 s s tt Cists cct is tu
[o9 a)lhqino&j], s b w sscitig i wit t G Isi22).I wu p tt Cisti tgi wu tik tt Gs t
ii resurrectedCists ttibut tut cu cti ixtu .
But t qusti iss, wi t cct spk w G
Cist tu, tt is, fwss, cu t s iccucis t it t
u cig i Sciptu tis spk w? Wu t suc ibiit i
pt t cig Sciptu fct t u ct t Bib? I t
cs Rti, I tik w sw t tis qusti.
2. Revelation 21:5
G cs J t wit t uct . 5 bcus
ts ws but t cig w cti itu tu (pistoi\ kai\a)lhqinoi/), ps t i Is 65:16, s w s b i t iscussi R 3:14. Agist tis bckgu, t xpssi 21:5 is t b s s
itptti tsti Nm) Is 65:16. Accig, R 21:5 is -pt R 3:14, wic itpts Isis A i t s w is
s ict cct t xpssi but t w cti.
Rti 3:14 Rti 21:5
Cist is t , t itu tu
witss, t bgiig t [w]
cti G.
A h w sits t t si,
B, I kig tigs w.
A h si, Wit, ts ws
itu tu.
21 S BAG, 43, wic gis t wig gs ig a)lhqino/j: (1) ptit tbig i cc wit wt is tu, true, trustworthy; (2) ptit t big i ccc wit ct, true;
(3) ptit t big , genuine, authentic, real. BAG, 820-21, gis t wig pisto&j: (1)ptiig t big wt bi tust, trustworthy, aithul, dependable, inspiring trust/aith; (2)
ptit t big tustig, trusting, cherishing, aith/trust.22 wic s B, Revelation, 283, w Cist s t , t tu ccus, t tit
t ik iig t pt c i Isi t G s t Is.
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15CAn ThE BIBLE BE InSPIRE An STILL CnTAIn ERRRS?
A usi t Is 65:16 is s cbt b R 21:5 w t t
t ss i)dou\ kaina_ poiw~ pa&nta (B, I k tigs w), -c t Is 43:19 65:17, t s t tis cti s itu
tu. Tis cti its is pt t i usi t Is65:17 i R 21:1 (A I sw w w t). A tis ut
cts ict ik btw R 3:14 21:5. A ic btw R 3:14
tt 21:5 is tt i t tt t ws i t pu. T ik s
t ic is tt t cus i 3:14 is t cct t sigu
Cist, ws i t tt t cus is up Gs witt ws (pu) tt
J is c t wit w.
Tus, R 21:5 tks t sttt but Cists cct w i R
3:14, g wit its usi t Is 65:16-17, ppis it w t Js witig
w Gs ( Cists)23 ws, B, I kig tigs w. Ipticu, t xpssi ts ws itu tu pi t s
(bcus, o#ti) w J is c t put it witig Gs ws:wit, bcus ts ws itu tu. I t ws, t -
ti but Cists uswig tu cct spk w i R 3:14, s
w s i tt txt i Is 65:16 t wic it us, is ppi t t
tu Gs/Cists ws i witt , wic J is cissi t
wit. T ic tt is big 3:14 is tt just s Cists ii
cct spk w fwss, s is Js cig t ii
ws i witt . h is t wit suc uswig tu ii ws tt s i tt t cucs pu uubt ii w
ss t t i witig.
3. Revelation 22:6
nt t ps gi wit R 3:14:
Rti 3:14 Rti 22:6
Cist is t , t itu tu
witss, t bgiig t [w]
cti G.
A si t , Ts ws
itu tu: t L, t G
t spiits t ppts, st his
g t sw t his b-sts t
tigs wic ust s tk pc.
23 T ps spkig i R 21:5 is ik G (s B, Revelation, 1052), tug it is pssib
tt it is t xt Jsus, sic t sig st st i 21:6 is spk b Cist i 1:17
Cist is t w guis t t spigs t wt i i 7:17, s tt 21:6 s t Cist
w ss, I wi gi t t w tists t spig t wt i. Wt t ts
Gs Cists ws is t sigict u pupss, sic w s tt i R
3:14 Cist spks t ws Is 65:16, wic t spk b G. Tus, Rti, t
bsis iticti wit G Cistg, cu si G t Cist bck t
G gi s t spk ts ws.
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Rti 22:6 ss s ccuig sttt bt t isi 21:1
22:5, s w s t w bk. T spk cu b Jsus, sic . 7 cti-
us t sttt (t t cjucti [kai\]), w s Jsus is ct spk. T spk cu just s w b g i i wit t itic-ti t ti ps i itucig t isis i 21:9-10 22:1.
vs 6 suizs t pcig isi t nw Jus, wic is
ppt its pct iit t tt isi its b pti-
ti 21:5b, Ts ws itu tu (ou[toi oi9 lo/goi pistoi\ kai\a)lhqinoi/). As w s t iscussi 21:5, t ps is bs Is65:16, wic xpsss cc i Gs tcig ct w cti,
wic wi c tu bcus Gs w pis is tu ct b ui-
b s t b istk. I, t cus i 21:5 cts pcis t
s i i cjucti wit usis t Is 43:18-19, 65:17, 66:22. Ts wig i 22:6 tus pts t s i ctit but Gs stt-
ts i 21:622:5 but is utu ct w cti. T pups t
ptiti is t psiz tis i. Accig, t s ccusis but
R 21:5 pst : Cists uswig tu cct w i
R 3:14 ppi t t tu is ws i witt (tug is ws
b spk b g). T ic tt is big 3:14 is tt
just s Cists ii cct spk w fwss i 3:14, s it b
i tt Js witig w t ii ws suts i fwss c
ts ws t s cucs. Tug t is t c xpiciti 22:6 t t witt , it is ik i i bcus t p wit 21:5
bcus t wig ctxt s t t ws tis bk (22:9)
t ws t ppc tis bk (22:10, ikwis 22:18-19). J
sw ts tigs (22:8) wt t w i bk.
Tgt wit t Is 65:16/R 3:14 bckgu, t s b c
2:45b (T.) stig i t bckgu t ps t ws
itu tu: t is tu [a)lhqino/n], t itptti it isitu [pisth/]. T cus i 2 is t ccusi t pptic isibut t ictius stbist Gs kig, it ispis ctittt t pptic isi s ii utit , t, its ctts
tu ib. T usi t 2 s t s ig .24 T isi
tt i sw wt cuict t t Bbi
kig, tis is w ppi t wt J sw put it witig.
Cu t b tig i is cuicti t isi t t
kig tt ws iccut pps i w tis? is ccuig ws,
t is tu t itptti it is itu, k tis ipbb,
s tt t 2 c, i it is i i, cs t i bsut iibiit
i t witt Rti.
24 F ut iscussi but t iit tis 2 usi, s B, Revelation, 1124.
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4. Revelation 19:9-11
c gi b cspcs btw R 3:14 bsb:
Rti 3:14 Rti 19:9-11
Cist is t , t itu tu
witss, t bgiig t [w]
cti G.
R 19:9 T si t , Wit,
Bss ts w iit t t
ig supp t Lb. A
si t , Ts tu ws G.
R 19:10 T I t is t t wsip
i. But si t , t tt; I
w st us u
bt w t tsti Jsus;
wsip G. F t witss Jsus is
t spiit ppc.
R 19:11 A I sw p,
b, wit s, h w st
it is c Fitu Tu, i
igtusss h jugs wgs w.
J is c, Wit, Bss ts w iit t t -
ig supp t Lb. T g t iit s, Ts tu
ws G. Tis sc sttt is ik s ugiig t st.
Tt t sc ssti is t gu t st is s pit t b t
ccti btw t sii sigs i 21:5, w J is st c-
t wit but t cig w cti, t it is iit
ts ws itu tu. It is ss ppt i 19:9 tt t
is usi t Is 65:16 R 3:14, but t c t tu b bb-
iti itu tu ts t tw pssgs. Rgss, tig is cti t s: J is t put i witt Gs ws
tug t g bcus t tu ws G. T ps G
iicts tt t i ti suc i G. Tt is, ts ws
tu bcus t c G w is tu. It is ik t cicit
tt s t t witss Jsus is t (19:10), t
Cist is c itu tu (19:11). I s, Cists itu tu c-
ct is t st pt t t Js witt w big itu true(19:9)
is bi t ibiit is witss(19:10). T cct t divine
Cist,25 w b pt wt is bi t ps i 19:9, Ts tuws G.
25 R 19:16 c s Cists it s Kig Kigs L Ls, spci i igt
its usi t 4:37 (LXX), w t tit is ppi t G.
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WESTmInSTER ThELGICAL JURnAL18
vs 10 s tt wt J is witig is pt t tsti [ wit-
ss] Jsus, wic is t Spiit ppc. mti pneu~ma tt it is pptic tsti ispi b t Spiit: to\ pneu~ma th~j profhtei/ajs bjcti giti, t Spiit ispiig ppc.26 Tus, Js witt
ws itu tu s bcus is ppt ispi b Gs Spiit.
I iti t t tts R 23, tt t Spiit ispis J is ppt s
i R 14:13: A I ic , sig, Wit, Bss t
w i i t L w ! ys, ss t Spiit, s tt t
st ti bs, ti s w wit t. J is c t
wit, wt wits is b t Spiit t b tu pb
(s, ss t Spiit). Buck s wit spct t tis s, T ws
t Spiit t Spiits sps, spkig tug J, t t ic.
As J bs t c t wit t btitu, t Spiit ispiig i s ptic st it. 27
Iv. Refection on the Signicance o the Reerence to the Written Words oRevelation Being Reerred to as Authoritative
Rti 19:9, 21:6, 22:6, 18-19 t t witt ws t bk s
tu itu tu s iib. T ct tt t ccpts but
t witt ws t b s s witut istk is ppt i ticig
spci t spcic cs i 19:9 21:9. T stc isspk b G g t t stc is t s ts ws.
It is ipusib tt t is c t uig ccpt tt is
xpss tug ixtu pps just tw ipct ws. It is
ptic t ps suc qusti, but t pst bts t
ic Sciptu c psig suc qusti. Tus, bt t ccpt
xpss b t ws c t iiiu ws tss bs-
ut utitti, s tt ws ct b spt ccpts.28 I t
s , t ws tis bk (R 22:9-10, 18-19), t ti witt
Rti, cis t s xct ti.
26 C. Zwick Gs, 772; nEB. S ikwis G. B. Ci, A Commentary on the Revelation o
St. John the Divine(nw yk: hp & Rw, 1980), 233. Atti, t ps tt
ts giig suc tsti csi pptic pp. Ag ts is, pneu/ma wu b ccti istibuti sigu th~j profhtei/ajwu b scipti giti: ppticspiit[s] pptic su[s] = ppts. Tis tti wu sti s t ws t b p-
ptic; t ppts pssss spiit tt cis ispiti G. S ut iscussi i
B, Revelation, 947 1124-25.27 Buck, Climax o Prophecy, 160.28 cus, t c b ws xpss i witig tt jibbis xpss
ccpt. W cciig t witt ws i Rti big giz b J i suc
w s t xpss ccpts, wic is cuicti spc ct, but t tik tt t iiiu
ws sw spt t pcis tu ccpts is qusti tt J wu
tti, sic ust tt t ws tt ws cissi t wit w Gs
ws.
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v. Conclusion
I bsut fwssss b gt but Gs cct spk w,
t t s su b gt but Js witt w. Tis ic ist s ic tt J ws: sic Cists cct spk w
ipccb, J is cissi t c Cists (Gs) ws bcus
t c t ii big ws cct is witut fw, icuig is
kwg tigs.
igt ccu tt wt Rti tcs but its witt tu
ct b ppi t t pts Sciptu. But s bstis iitt
gist tis: (1) i t k txts xi b, R 22:6, J is
gup wit t ppts: t L, t G t spiits ppts, st
is g t sw . . . . Tis ik icus t nT ppts but ik Tppts, spci sic t ps t spiits t ppts pps t b
usi t nu 27:16 (t L G spiits), w it s t Gs
pcig mss wit Jsu, w wu w b t pptic spks-
Gs pp (c. nu 27:12-21). (2) J is pt gi t s
cissi s ppt s ws Ezki t ppt. (3) T ttit Js
witt c i Rti is s t b itu tu i t s w tt
G ppsi tt t w cti wu it ccu bcus yw s
itu tu ppsi it. (4) T ccuig ps R 22:6,
G st . . . t sw . . . wt ust c t pss quick, is c c t 2:45, wic cs t ccusi t ppt is pt is
isi i 2. (5) Sic Js cst tis but t uswig
tut is w bk xpicit bs t pcptic T wks (.g.,
Ezki i) wit wic puts is bk p, wu t Js
ti but Sciptus u tut b ci tt c b but
pcptic bks i t c i wic t pcptists ci ti -
ti ict b isi uiti G? But it s t b b
tt J i t wit w s sct tkig ictti, but t is isis
put p t pp ik is s T usis i iuspcs, s tt t bk is ix isi it pucti. Fut,
tt Js pp gs utsi t pcptic T g is c cig
tt puts is p wit t utit mss i R 22:18-19, w
c ppis ut 4:1-2 29:19-20 t is w bk. I iti, J
ks c t t T t t nT wit, wic ipis tt,
sic c puts is p wit s ts T witsmss,
i, Ezkitt wu t t s iw ti witigs
s s is but s it ipis tt wu t s iw t T
witigs t wic us utsi mss, i, Ezki. It is ik tis s tt J us t t ius T bks tt s, sic t
t s sttus utitti Sciptu i.
I ct, uc ik R 19, 21, 22, Ps 119:137-142 s t Gs cct
s igtus ks t ccusi tt, t, is witt Sciptu is
s igtus, pu, tu:
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Ps 119:137 Rigtus yu, Lord,
A upigt yu jugts [ = Sciptu].
Ps 119:138 yu c yu tstiis i igtusss
A xcig ituss.Ps 119:139 m z s csu ,
Bcus sis gtt yu ws.
Ps 119:140 yu w is pu,
T yu st s it.
Ps 119:141 I s spis,
YetI t gt yu pcpts.
Ps 119:142 yu igtusss is stig igtusss,
A yu w is tut.
It is ut itstig tt i tig is pptic c ccig t t pt-
t Ezkis (R 10:1-10), J s ws Ps 119:103 (w swt uws t pt, swt t t ut) it R 10:9-10 (i u
ut it [Gs w] wi b swt s , u i bt ss). I t
Ps, tis is t ict w b t Psist ctstig ustig
Gs pcpts wit s w (Ps 119:104). Pps s Ps 19:10
is icu i t usi: Gs witt Lw is t s swt s t
, cp wit t jugts t L tu (Ps 19:9)
ctst wit s (Ps 19:12: W c isc is s?).
Likwis, R 16:5, 7 cps Gs igtus cct wit is igtus
jugts, wic gist t bckgu t cbi T usis,29s t Gs w i Sciptu:
5 A I t g t wts sig, Rigtus yu, w w
w, h , bcus yu jug ts tigs;
7 A I t t sig, ys, L G, t Aigt, tu igtus
yu jugts.
Ps 119:37 b icu i ts T usis (.g., s t gi
nA27): Rigtus u . . . igtus is u jugt(s).
S igt bjct t gut b sig tt w s J t T t t ctu w ic i ppicti t Sciptu, but
tis wu b kig t w/ccpt cusi. I ti t sw tt
t ws us b J i cs. 19, 21, 22 (tu, itu) ssti
but t s ccpt s Gs w big witut . I ct, s
Js usis t t T, s i Pss 119 19 ctst Gs w s tu
swt t s . I tis g, it is s istucti t cp
t c i 2 Pt 1:20-21 t Sciptu t b ct u wi,
but b t h Spiit spk G, wic is iit c-
tst wit s ppts, w ig t w tut spk sws (2 Pt 2:1-3). T gt G-bt txt 2 Ti 3:16 is s pc
i t s ki ctst wit s tcig.
29 I iti t Ps 119:137 bw, s s Ps 144:17 ut 32:4 R 16:5 3:27
(G), t tt wic b puig tgt Pss 119 144 ut 32 i t s w tt
R 16:5 7 ig.
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Pps I c csst t bsig gut ipicti w I
ssu tt Gs cct t suct Cists cct witut
, icit i ti bsut xusti kwg
t st ppt uiptt cts but cti uit but tpst, pst, utu. But tis is psuppsiti tt is pic tgt
t bsis sciptu tsti (.g., s Ps 119 b; nu 23:19; 1 S
15:29; Is 46:10; 48:3-8; Jb 11:11; 23:10, 23; 34:25; Pss 1:6; 37:18; 44:21; 69:5;
94:11; 103:14; 138:6; 139:1-18, 23-24; P 24:12; 2:19-23; mtt 6:8, 32; Luk
16:15; Acts 15:8; R 8:27; 1 J 3:20).
Fi, t pt, t tgic ic wic s gics
sig is ubibic is, i ct, t ic tt J t pts
Sciptu pt k: sic Gs cct is uswig tu, is wit-
t w Sciptu is uswig tu. m w ustig t i-t tut Sciptu is bt i ius ws i t Cicg Sttt
Bibic Ic.
S igt sp t iw R 19:9, 21:5, 22:6 b sig tt
itu tu (spci i t st tw txts) pcis t t
ws Cist t spcic t t witt ts ws. Acc-
ig, tug J is c t wit t ws s, cu
t t b s sippg i Js t xusti pcis
cig wt ws si, s tt s s g cu cpt it
t witt t ws?m sps t tis is t wig: (1) Wu G c/cissi
J s ppt t wit is ws kwig ti tt is pptic
w wu b iccut c? W s tt J wits wit t
utit T ppt, tis wu s t c t s utit s
G spkig tug ppt. F xp, J spks wits s
ppt: t tt 19:10 ss, t Spiit ispis ppc, wic s i i
Js witig s ppt i 19:9. A R 22:6b c pcs J s
g t spiits t ppts, w s ci ti tt is it-
u tu (22:6), wic is ict t i c s t ws t ppc tis bk (22:7 22:18; s itic R 22:10) t
ws t bk tis ppc (22:19; s sii 22:9).
(2) T ik btw itu tu wit iicts ssus
ik btw ts ttibuts t witt .
(3) Tt pit # 2 is i is it t ittxtu ik btw wit
i 1:9-10 i t pt c t wit i t tts cs. 2 3.
J wits t t witt is si t b t ws Cistand t
Spiit. At t st, t witt t tts is pst t t cucs s
t ws t Spiit.(4) T ittxtu ik btw wit i 1:9-10 cs. 23 19:9
21:5 cs t spiit-ispi tu Js pcptic witig tsk. Tt
Js spiit-ispi ict pptic tsk cig wt s s
suts i pptic bk is c, s w just s, R 22:7,
10, 18, 19, wic icusi wit R 1:3. Tus, t witt c
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WESTmInSTER ThELGICAL JURnAL22
t isi uiti is qu pptic; sic t pptic isi
uiti itu tu, s is t witt pptic itu
tu. Tis is just wt R 19:9, 21:5, 22:6 ig.
I t igt ts u pits, it wu b ii ccusi ( xp ti scipti) t s tt 19:9, 21:5, 22:6 t
Cists ws big itu tu t iw ts ss s xt-
ig t t witt pptic s big itu tu.
Tus, c t Bib b u ispi b pct G t sti cti
s? J t sciptu wits s .
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