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Can Commercial Airlines Can Commercial Airlines Achieve “One Level of Safety” Achieve “One Level of Safety” By Embarking on a Program of By Embarking on a Program of
“One Level of Training” ?“One Level of Training” ?What is the relationship between What is the relationship between
Training and Safety in Commercial Training and Safety in Commercial Air Operations?Air Operations?
………….continued……..continued…….
How do we Get There From How do we Get There From Here?Here?
How do we achieve a higher level of safety?
We believe that an accident indicates a training shortfall.
Addressing training shortfallsAddressing training shortfalls
Study NTSB Reports for Lessons to LearnStudy NTSB Reports for Lessons to Learn
Consider how to learn from that accidentConsider how to learn from that accident
Listen to the Boots on the GroundListen to the Boots on the Ground
Invest in staff for Safety and Training Depts.Invest in staff for Safety and Training Depts.
Confirm “Train like you fly”Confirm “Train like you fly”
““Fly like you train”Fly like you train”
Every pilot should consider the reality that better Every pilot should consider the reality that better pilots have crashed airplanespilots have crashed airplanes
Addressing training shortfallsAddressing training shortfalls
Study NTSB Reports for Lessons to LearnStudy NTSB Reports for Lessons to Learn
Consider how to learn from that accidentConsider how to learn from that accident
Listen to the Boots on the GroundListen to the Boots on the Ground
Invest in staff for Safety and Training Depts.Invest in staff for Safety and Training Depts.
Confirm “Train like you fly”Confirm “Train like you fly”
““Fly like you train”Fly like you train”
Every pilot should consider the reality that better Every pilot should consider the reality that better pilots have crashed airplanespilots have crashed airplanes
Addressing training shortfallsAddressing training shortfalls
Study NTSB Reports for Lessons to LearnStudy NTSB Reports for Lessons to Learn
Consider how to learn from that accidentConsider how to learn from that accident
Listen to the Boots on the GroundListen to the Boots on the Ground
Invest in staff for Safety and Training Depts.Invest in staff for Safety and Training Depts.
Confirm “Train like you fly”Confirm “Train like you fly”
““Fly like you train”Fly like you train”
Every pilot should consider the reality that better Every pilot should consider the reality that better pilots have crashed airplanespilots have crashed airplanes
Addressing training shortfallsAddressing training shortfalls
Study NTSB Reports for Lessons to LearnStudy NTSB Reports for Lessons to Learn
Consider how to learn from that accidentConsider how to learn from that accident
Listen to the Boots on the GroundListen to the Boots on the Ground
Invest in staff for Safety and Training Depts.Invest in staff for Safety and Training Depts.
Confirm “Train like you fly”Confirm “Train like you fly”
““Fly like you train”Fly like you train”
Every pilot should consider the reality that better Every pilot should consider the reality that better pilots have crashed airplanespilots have crashed airplanes
Addressing training shortfallsAddressing training shortfalls
Confirm “Train like you fly”Confirm “Train like you fly”
Addressing training shortfallsAddressing training shortfalls
Confirm “Train like you fly”Confirm “Train like you fly”
““Fly like you train”Fly like you train”
Addressing training shortfallsAddressing training shortfalls
Confirm “Train like you fly”Confirm “Train like you fly”
““Fly like you train”Fly like you train”
Every pilot should consider the reality that better Every pilot should consider the reality that better pilots have crashed airplanespilots have crashed airplanes
Integration of Training & SafetyIntegration of Training & Safety
Safety Program feeds into Training Safety Program feeds into Training ProgramProgram
Training Program remains currentTraining Program remains current– Developed, Discovered, Reported by Safety Developed, Discovered, Reported by Safety
ProgramProgram– Risk basedRisk based– Risk = severity multiplied by likelihood of Risk = severity multiplied by likelihood of
occurrenceoccurrence
Methods of IntegrationMethods of Integration
Streams of Data: Risks, Hazards Streams of Data: Risks, Hazards
Aviation Safety Action Partnership ASAPAviation Safety Action Partnership ASAP
FOQAFOQA
Event ReportsEvent Reports
Regular Training – Safety MeetingsRegular Training – Safety Meetings
Other data streamsOther data streams
Safety
safety
Training
training
Training-Safety Meetings
ASAP FOQA AQP Event Rpts
Safety Data Stream
Methods of IntegrationMethods of Integration
ASAP ASAP – Crew participationCrew participation– Response to individualResponse to individual– Consideration and response to systemic risks Consideration and response to systemic risks
and issuesand issues
FOQAFOQAEvent ReportsEvent ReportsWeekly Training – Safety MeetingsWeekly Training – Safety MeetingsOther data streamsOther data streams
Methods of IntegrationMethods of Integration
ASAP ASAP
FOQAFOQA– How well the group is complying with How well the group is complying with
procedures and limitsprocedures and limits– Is training producing desired results on line?Is training producing desired results on line?
Event ReportsEvent Reports
Weekly Training – Safety MeetingsWeekly Training – Safety Meetings
Other data streamsOther data streams
FOQA & ASAPFOQA & ASAP
It is one thing for crews to pass check It is one thing for crews to pass check rides (Can the crewmember do it?)rides (Can the crewmember do it?)
It is quite another thing for crews to It is quite another thing for crews to operate all year long according to operate all year long according to procedures (Does the crewmember do it?)procedures (Does the crewmember do it?)
ASAP and FOQA help to determine ASAP and FOQA help to determine
Methods of IntegrationMethods of Integration
ASAP ASAP
FOQAFOQA
Event ReportsEvent Reports– Other observations, suggestions Other observations, suggestions – Safety and SOPSafety and SOP
Weekly Training – Safety Meetings Weekly Training – Safety Meetings
Other data streamsOther data streams
Methods of IntegrationMethods of Integration
ASAP ASAP
FOQAFOQA
Event ReportsEvent Reports
Weekly Training – Safety Meetings Weekly Training – Safety Meetings – Changes to SOP, syllabus, equipmentChanges to SOP, syllabus, equipment– Review, rate risksReview, rate risks
Other data streamsOther data streams
Advance Qualification ProgramAdvance Qualification Program
AQP: Formal FAA Training ProgramAQP: Formal FAA Training Program
Allows and Encourages Risk inputAllows and Encourages Risk input
Risks from Safety ProgramRisks from Safety Program
Risks from Training ProgramRisks from Training Program
Risks: rated by severity and likelihoodRisks: rated by severity and likelihood
Training emphasis influenced by risksTraining emphasis influenced by risks
Inputs: line checks and line ops auditsInputs: line checks and line ops audits
Advance Qualification ProgramAdvance Qualification Program
Requires robust stream of informationRequires robust stream of informationHow well are line pilots doing as trained?How well are line pilots doing as trained?What safety risks are out there currently?What safety risks are out there currently?Initial Qual IQ and Continuing Qual CQInitial Qual IQ and Continuing Qual CQFAA oversight: Is Training Dept. training FAA oversight: Is Training Dept. training crews to meet the SOP & safety of line crews to meet the SOP & safety of line operations? operations? Is Training Dept. training crews for check-Is Training Dept. training crews for check-rides, LOPC, LOFT?rides, LOPC, LOFT?
Advance Qualification ProgramAdvance Qualification Program
Seeks inputs from pilot associationSeeks inputs from pilot association
Sharing of Training DesignSharing of Training Design
Encourages Threat and Error Encourages Threat and Error Management trainingManagement training
Puts heads togetherPuts heads together
Change is expectedChange is expected
PostulationPostulation
Achievement of safe commercial airline Achievement of safe commercial airline operations may have been achieved at the operations may have been achieved at the sample airline, due to the relationship sample airline, due to the relationship between the Safety Program and the between the Safety Program and the Training ProgramTraining Program
Just a good guess?Just a good guess?
Mishap-free operations?Mishap-free operations?
More than 22 yearsMore than 22 years
Function of flight crewmember caused Function of flight crewmember caused errorserrors
Training-Safety Relationship helped?Training-Safety Relationship helped?
Operations Perfect? No!Operations Perfect? No!
Human FactorsHuman Factors
Operations are not perfect!Operations are not perfect!Humans are involved!Humans are involved!Could an operations with humans ever be Could an operations with humans ever be perfect? perfect? Can only hope to learn from mistakes Can only hope to learn from mistakes Not make the same mistake a second timeNot make the same mistake a second timeSafety Theory rewards quick correctionsSafety Theory rewards quick corrections
Level of training related to Level of training related to Level of safetyLevel of safety
safety risks (hazards) evaluated by Safetysafety risks (hazards) evaluated by Safety
risks & resolution integrated into training risks & resolution integrated into training
@ level of importance and emphasis@ level of importance and emphasis
Integration takes place continuously Integration takes place continuously
training Effectiveness?training Effectiveness?
Does training prepare crews to pass Does training prepare crews to pass various check rides?various check rides?
Does training prepare crews to be Does training prepare crews to be proficient in line operations?proficient in line operations?
Is there a Is there a directdirect & & positivepositive relationship relationship between between training & safetytraining & safety??
NTSB cites lack of training as factor in NTSB cites lack of training as factor in many AAR’smany AAR’s
AA 1525 Little Rock: crew failed to AA 1525 Little Rock: crew failed to process weather risk data and failed to process weather risk data and failed to use all equipmentuse all equipment
Procedures not reinforced by training?Procedures not reinforced by training?
Is there a Is there a directdirect & & positivepositive relationship relationship between between training & safetytraining & safety??
Toronto AF AB340 crew landed long on a Toronto AF AB340 crew landed long on a non-grooved wet runway and hydroplanednon-grooved wet runway and hydroplaned
Lack of complete training on runway Lack of complete training on runway characteristics?characteristics?
Subject not in SOP, therefore not trained?Subject not in SOP, therefore not trained?
Is there a Is there a directdirect & & positivepositive relationship relationship between between training & safetytraining & safety??
Feb 2009 Colgan Buffalo D8 Q400 icing Feb 2009 Colgan Buffalo D8 Q400 icing and stall mishapand stall mishap
Incomplete training in icing and stall Incomplete training in icing and stall recovery training?recovery training?
Was lack of training sophistication?Was lack of training sophistication?
Are training & safety related?Are training & safety related?
Question of Logic:Question of Logic:• more proficient training more proficient training • more sophisticated training more sophisticated training • more substantive training more substantive training
Would more training improve safety?Would more training improve safety?
Observations, Observations, case by casecase by case
Flight crew discouraged from making Flight crew discouraged from making safety reportssafety reports
Safety reports are not acted on Safety reports are not acted on
Safety reports are not responded toSafety reports are not responded to
““Nothing Changes” “No One Listens”Nothing Changes” “No One Listens”
Safety Department is for “dress up Safety Department is for “dress up purposes only” purposes only”
Observations, Observations, case by casecase by case
How can you have a safety input to training,How can you have a safety input to training,
if you don’t have a functioning Safety if you don’t have a functioning Safety Department?Department?
FAA ViewpointFAA Viewpoint
Training for type rides require high Training for type rides require high instructional time, prime importance, basis instructional time, prime importance, basis for type and ATP ratingsfor type and ATP ratings
Why shouldn’t training also reflect the Why shouldn’t training also reflect the safety concerns of the airline line safety concerns of the airline line operations?operations?
Level of TrainingLevel of Training
Training defines competency in Training defines competency in commercial airline operationscommercial airline operations
Level of training determines level of Level of training determines level of competencycompetency
training training
syllabus basedsyllabus based
procedurally basedprocedurally based
support operations support operations
operations define trainingoperations define training
Safety supports operations by supporting Safety supports operations by supporting Training Training
Practice and technique vs Practice and technique vs procedures?procedures?
Practice from instructors to students, but it Practice from instructors to students, but it is not written downis not written down
Techniques developed by line crew, but it Techniques developed by line crew, but it is not written downis not written down
Training should be procedure basedTraining should be procedure based
Procedures are written and approved and Procedures are written and approved and currentcurrent
Challenges of the Training-Challenges of the Training-Safety relationshipSafety relationship
Communications Communications
Quick responseQuick response
Fix the problemFix the problem
Advantage of IntegrationAdvantage of Integration
As risks are discovered, responded to and As risks are discovered, responded to and resolvedresolved
Training can adjust SOP and training as Training can adjust SOP and training as part of the responsepart of the response
Training response can be immediate as Training response can be immediate as wellwell
This is a big differenceThis is a big difference
As the case may beAs the case may be
Training to FAA standards onlyTraining to FAA standards only
Risks of line operations not includedRisks of line operations not included
Minimal training: icing, cumulative Minimal training: icing, cumulative negative affects, TEM, CRM, windshear, negative affects, TEM, CRM, windshear, runway conditions, convective weather, runway conditions, convective weather, non-precision approaches, fatiguenon-precision approaches, fatigue
As the case may beAs the case may be
Safety Department minimalSafety Department minimalSafety feedback non-existentSafety feedback non-existentAdversarial relationship with crewmembers Adversarial relationship with crewmembers concerning safety issuesconcerning safety issuesSeldom address safety concerns, risksSeldom address safety concerns, risksFatigue due to long days commonplaceFatigue due to long days commonplaceASAP, FOQA, Event Reports, AQP ??ASAP, FOQA, Event Reports, AQP ??Other data streams?Other data streams?
As the case may beAs the case may be
Safety Department and Training Safety Department and Training Department seen as costs versus Department seen as costs versus investmentsinvestments
Safety and Training Functionality lowSafety and Training Functionality low
Integration? Not considered Integration? Not considered
Everyone Loves Everyone Loves ExperienceExperience
……but nobody likes but nobody likes trainingtraining
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