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1834 Permanent Indian Frontier
1836 Oregon Trail opened 1843 The ‘Great Emigration’ on Oregon Trail
1846 Donner Party 1846 Mormons travel to Great Salt Lake
1848 Gold discovered in California
1849 Californian Gold Rush 1851 Fort Laramie Treaty (1) 1851 The Indian Appropriations Act
1858 – 59 Gold discovered in the Rocky Mountains
1859 Gold mines opened in Colorado & Nevada
1861 – 65 The American Civil War
1862 Homestead Act 1862 Little Crow’s War 1862 Pacific Railway Act passed
1864 Sand Creek Massacre 1865 Slavery abolished in the USA
1866 Goodnight & Loving reach Fort Sumner with a herd of cattle
1866 Fetterman’s Trap 1866 – 68 Red Cloud’s War 1867 Abilene becomes the first cow town
1868 The ‘Winter Campaign’ 1868 President Grant’s ‘Peace Policy’
1868 Fort Laramie Treaty (2)
1869 First Transcontinental Railroad completed
1870 Cattle ranching begins on the Plains, leading to the ‘Open Range’
1873 Timber Culture Act
1874 Barbed wire begins to be mass-produced
1874 Wind-powered pump introduced
1874 Custer leads expedition to the Black Hills
1876 – 81 The Great Sioux War 1876 The Battle of Little Big Horn
1879 Exoduster Movement
1881 The OK Corral 1885 All Plains Indians are resettled on to reservations
1886 – 87 Severe winter leads to the end of the open range
1887 Dawes Act 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre 1890 The US Government closes Frontier
1892 Johnson County War 1893 Oklahoma Land Rush Structure of Plains Indian society
Survival on the Great Plains Importance of buffalo & horses Beliefs of Plains Indians – land, nature & war
Lawlessness Attempts to combat lawlessness
Reservations
John Iliff 1871 Indian Appropriations Act End of the open range
Extermination of the buffalo
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