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By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss RaiaBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss RaiaBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss RaiaBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia
Causes & Causes & ProtoindustrializationProtoindustrialization
• What were the political, social and What were the political, social and economic causes of the Industrial economic causes of the Industrial Revolution? (Make sure you look up Revolution? (Make sure you look up through page 8 before you describe through page 8 before you describe them)them)
• How did the Cottage Industry benefit How did the Cottage Industry benefit peasants and younger people?peasants and younger people?
• What are the political, social and What are the political, social and economic reasons why Britain economic reasons why Britain industrializes first?industrializes first?
The Factory SystemThe Factory System
× Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.
× 12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.
× Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.
× Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
1850 England: The 1850 England: The StatisticsStatistics
• Produced 2/3 of the world’s coalProduced 2/3 of the world’s coal• Produced more than ½ of the world’s Produced more than ½ of the world’s
ironiron• Produced more than ½ of the world’s Produced more than ½ of the world’s
cotton clothcotton cloth• GNP rose between 1801 and 1850 GNP rose between 1801 and 1850
350%350%• Per capita income increased almost Per capita income increased almost
100% between 1801 and 1851100% between 1801 and 1851
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
Continental Continental IndustrializationIndustrialization
• Why did some areas industrialize Why did some areas industrialize quickly while others not at all?quickly while others not at all?– Napoleonic wars hindered their growthNapoleonic wars hindered their growth– They lacked the capital and/or natural They lacked the capital and/or natural
resourcesresources– Shortage of factory workersShortage of factory workers– Governments did not help to foster a Governments did not help to foster a
growing middle classgrowing middle class
Continental IndustrializationContinental Industrialization• After 1815 continental Europe began to catch up After 1815 continental Europe began to catch up
to Britainto Britain• They borrowed British technology, hired British They borrowed British technology, hired British
engineers and gained British capitalengineers and gained British capital• Belgium, Holland, France and the US began their Belgium, Holland, France and the US began their
revolution in the 1820’srevolution in the 1820’s– Holland pioneered the beginning of Big Business – Holland pioneered the beginning of Big Business –
stockholders corporations etc.stockholders corporations etc.– France’s Credit Mobilier of Paris helped to build France’s Credit Mobilier of Paris helped to build
railroads all over France and Europerailroads all over France and Europe
• Germany, Austria, and Italy in the 1850’sGermany, Austria, and Italy in the 1850’s• Eastern Europe and Russia industrialized near Eastern Europe and Russia industrialized near
the end of the 19the end of the 19thth century century– Why?Why?
Continental Continental IndustrializationIndustrialization• Britain was unsuccessful at maintaining a Britain was unsuccessful at maintaining a
monopoly over technical advancesmonopoly over technical advances• Tariff policies were used to protect native industries Tariff policies were used to protect native industries
on the continenton the continent– France raised tariffs on many British exportsFrance raised tariffs on many British exports– Germanic States create the Zollverein, a tariff which Germanic States create the Zollverein, a tariff which
established a free trade One among member states but a established a free trade One among member states but a large tariff was levied on foreign importslarge tariff was levied on foreign imports
Industrialization By 1850
Industrialization By 1850
Railroads on the Continent
Railroads on the Continent
Social ImplicationsSocial Implications• New Social OrderNew Social Order• Golden Age of the Middle Golden Age of the Middle
ClassClass• New class of factory owners New class of factory owners
called the bourgeoisiecalled the bourgeoisie– Upper bourgeoisie: great Upper bourgeoisie: great
bankers, merchants, and bankers, merchants, and industrialists who demanded industrialists who demanded free enterprise and high tariffsfree enterprise and high tariffs
– Lower Bourgeoisie: AKA petite Lower Bourgeoisie: AKA petite bourgeoisie, small industrialists, bourgeoisie, small industrialists, merchants, and professional merchants, and professional men who demanded stability men who demanded stability and security from the and security from the governmentgovernment
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
Social ImplicationsSocial Implications• Certain ethnic and religious groups Certain ethnic and religious groups
became successfulbecame successful– Quakers and Scots in EnglandQuakers and Scots in England– Protestants and Jews dominated banking in Protestants and Jews dominated banking in
Catholic FranceCatholic France
• As factories grew larger, opportunities for As factories grew larger, opportunities for advancement declined in well-developed advancement declined in well-developed industriesindustries– Capital intensive industry made it harder for Capital intensive industry made it harder for
skilled artisans to become wealthy skilled artisans to become wealthy manufacturersmanufacturers
– Formal education thus became more important Formal education thus became more important as a means of social advancement (but the cost as a means of social advancement (but the cost was often too much for the lower classes)was often too much for the lower classes)
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wages
under 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.
11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.
17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.
22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.
27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.
32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.
37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.
42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.
47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.
52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.
57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.
Industrial Staffordshire
Industrial Staffordshire
Problems of PollutionProblems of Pollution
The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858
The New Industrial City
The New Industrial City
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Worker Housing in Manchester
Worker Housing in Manchester
Factory Workers at Home
Factory Workers at Home
Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today
The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian
Nightmare!
The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian
Nightmare!
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”Private Charities:
The “Lady Bountifuls”
Child LaborChild Labor• Abandoned children became a Abandoned children became a
main source of labor from local main source of labor from local parishes and orphanagesparishes and orphanages
• Owners exercised authority Owners exercised authority over children much like Slave over children much like Slave owners owners
• Work hours were very long and Work hours were very long and conditions were appallingconditions were appalling
• Children worked as chimney Children worked as chimney sweeps, market girls, sweeps, market girls, shoemakers, etcshoemakers, etc
• It was not new and it was It was not new and it was actually coming to an end as actually coming to an end as the industrial revolution the industrial revolution maturedmatured
• Children and their parents Children and their parents worked 12 hour daysworked 12 hour days
Child LaborChild Labor• Parliament sought to end child laborParliament sought to end child labor• The Saddler Commission investigated The Saddler Commission investigated
working conditions and helped initiate working conditions and helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in legislation to improve conditions in factoriesfactories– Factory Act of 1833Factory Act of 1833
• Limited workday for children ages 9-13 Limited workday for children ages 9-13 to 8 hours a dayto 8 hours a day
• Limited hours ages 14-18 to 12 hoursLimited hours ages 14-18 to 12 hours• Prohibited hiring children under age 9; Prohibited hiring children under age 9;
children were to go to elementary children were to go to elementary schools factory owners were required schools factory owners were required to establishto establish
• Ironically helped to destroy the pattern Ironically helped to destroy the pattern of families working togetherof families working together
– Employment of children declined Employment of children declined rapidlyrapidly
• Mines Act of 1842 – prohibited all Mines Act of 1842 – prohibited all boys and girls under the age of 10 boys and girls under the age of 10 from working undergroundfrom working underground
The Luddites: 1811-1816
The Luddites: 1811-1816
Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle
The LudditesThe Luddites
The Neo-Luddites Today
The Neo-Luddites Today
Union MovementUnion Movement• Certain leaders began Certain leaders began
organizing groups of organizing groups of workers to resist workers to resist exploitation of the exploitation of the proletariat by business proletariat by business ownersowners
• Combination Acts (1799)Combination Acts (1799)– Parliament prohibited labor Parliament prohibited labor
unionsunions– Reaction to fear of Reaction to fear of
radicalism in the French radicalism in the French RevolutionRevolution
– Widely disregarded by Widely disregarded by workersworkers
– Repealed in 1824 and Repealed in 1824 and unions became more unions became more tolerated after 1825tolerated after 1825
Union MovementUnion Movement• Robert Owen in 1834 organized the Robert Owen in 1834 organized the
Grand National Consolidated Trades Grand National Consolidated Trades UnionUnion– Lanark factory became a model Lanark factory became a model
socialist/utopian citysocialist/utopian city– His unionization efforts failed and British His unionization efforts failed and British
labor movement moved once again after labor movement moved once again after 1851 in the direction of the craft unions1851 in the direction of the craft unions
The Chartists
The Chartists
KeyKey
ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements
Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism
Area of plug Area of plug riots, 1842riots, 1842
Sought political democracy
Demanded universal male suffrage
The “Peoples’ Charter”
The “Peoples’ Charter” Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..
Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832.× Votes for all men.Votes for all men.
× Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts.× Abolition of the requirement that Abolition of the requirement that
Members of Parliament [MPs] be Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.property owners.
× Payment for Members of Payment for Members of Parliament.Parliament.
× Annual general elections.Annual general elections.× The secret ballot. The secret ballot.
The ChartistsThe Chartists
A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.
A female ChartistA female Chartist
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
4 Give manufactures more outlets for Give manufactures more outlets for their products.their products.
4 Expand employment.Expand employment.4 Lower the price of bread.Lower the price of bread.4 Make British agriculture more Make British agriculture more
efficient and productive.efficient and productive.4 Expose trade and agriculture to Expose trade and agriculture to
foreign competition.foreign competition.4 Promote international peace through Promote international peace through
trade contact.trade contact.
Social Effects of Social Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization• UrbanizationUrbanization
– Largest population transfer in human historyLargest population transfer in human history– Birth of factory towns and industrial centers Birth of factory towns and industrial centers
such as Manchestersuch as Manchester• Working class injustices, gender Working class injustices, gender
exploitation and standard of living issues exploitation and standard of living issues became the 19became the 19thth century’s great social century’s great social and political dilemmasand political dilemmas– Family structure and gender roles within the Family structure and gender roles within the
family were alteredfamily were altered– Productive work was taken out of the homeProductive work was taken out of the home– As factory wages increased for adult males, As factory wages increased for adult males,
women and children were separated from the women and children were separated from the work placework place
Social Effects of Social Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization• Gender-determined roles at home and Gender-determined roles at home and
domestic life changed slowlydomestic life changed slowly– Married women came to be associated with Married women came to be associated with
domestic duties while men tended to be the domestic duties while men tended to be the sole wage earnersole wage earner
– Women were now expected to create a Women were now expected to create a nurturing environment to which the family nurturing environment to which the family members returned after workmembers returned after work
– Married women worked outside the home only Married women worked outside the home only when family needs, illness or death of a when family needs, illness or death of a spouse required them to do sospouse required them to do so
– Single women and widows had much work Single women and widows had much work available but that work commanded low available but that work commanded low wages and low skills and provided no way to wages and low skills and provided no way to protect themselves from exploitationprotect themselves from exploitation
Effects in IrelandEffects in Ireland• Irish workers increasingly came to Great Irish workers increasingly came to Great
Britain to become urban workersBritain to become urban workers• Many Irish were forced out of rural Ireland Many Irish were forced out of rural Ireland
by population growth and increasingly poor by population growth and increasingly poor economic conditionseconomic conditions
• Overpopulation and rural poverty most Overpopulation and rural poverty most severe in Irelandsevere in Ireland
Irish Potato FamineIrish Potato Famine• Industrial Revolution may have prevented large-scale human Industrial Revolution may have prevented large-scale human
tragedy like in Irelandtragedy like in Ireland• Most lived as tenants and Protestant landlords did not Most lived as tenants and Protestant landlords did not
improve agricultureimprove agriculture• Disease in potato crop continued to increase along with Disease in potato crop continued to increase along with
accompanying fever epidemicsaccompanying fever epidemics– In 1845 and 46 and again in 1848 and 1851 the potato crop In 1845 and 46 and again in 1848 and 1851 the potato crop
failed in Ireland and much of Europefailed in Ireland and much of Europe– Higher food prices widespread suffering and social unrest Higher food prices widespread suffering and social unrest
ensuedensued
Irish Potato FamineIrish Potato Famine• Result of the Great Result of the Great
FamineFamine– At least 1.5 million people At least 1.5 million people
died or went unborndied or went unborn– 1 million fled Ireland 1 million fled Ireland
between 1845 and 1851; between 1845 and 1851; 2 million left between 2 million left between 1840 and 18551840 and 1855
– Most went to the US or Most went to the US or BritainBritain
– By 1911 Irish population By 1911 Irish population was only 4.4 million was only 4.4 million compared with 8 million compared with 8 million in 1845in 1845
– British government British government response inadequateresponse inadequate
The Politics of IndustrializationThe Politics of
Industrializationù State ownership of some industries.State ownership of some industries.
RRs RRs Belgium & most of Germany. Belgium & most of Germany.ù Tariffs Tariffs British Corn Laws. British Corn Laws.ù National Banks granted a monopoly National Banks granted a monopoly
on on issuing bank notes.issuing bank notes. Bank of England.Bank of England. Bank of France.Bank of France.
ù Companies required to register with Companies required to register with the government & publish annual the government & publish annual budgets.budgets.
ù New legislation to:New legislation to: Establish limited liability.Establish limited liability. Create rules for the formation of Create rules for the formation of
corporations.corporations.ù Postal system.Postal system.ù Free trade zones Free trade zones Ger. Ger. ZollvereinZollverein
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