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Building Services QSB 1714/BLD 60403Lecturer: Leong Boon Tik
Yee Algel0315890Bo Yong Khong 0316317
Chin Tze Wei 0315767Hoo Bung JIat 0316092
Lee Kit Hung 0315722Yeoh Pooi Ching 0315540
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE • BUILDING • DESIGN
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................................................................3
2. Installation of the Water Treatment Plant...................................5
3. Management of Water Treatment Plant.....................................5
4. The Advantages and Disadvantages.........................................6
5. Case Study................................................................................8
6. Possible Problem to the system...............................................20
7. Recommendation to future improvement.................................21
8. Learning outcome....................................................................22
9. References...............................................................................23
10. Appendix..................................................................................24
2
Introduction
About 71% of the Earth's surface is water-covered. Water is very important for
human being and water resource development has been a catalyst for socioeconomic of
the country. Water is one of the precious elements in the Earth. Water is closely related
to human health as there is about 70% of water found in human bodies. The increased
demand for clean water has led to competition in water use among the various water
user sectors and the continued economic growth will magnify this even more accurately.
In recent years, consumers are concerned with the quality of water that came from the
water treatment system.
Drinking water mostly comes from both surface water and ground water. Water
cycle begins with rainwater falling into lakes and rivers which interact with ground water.
The huge volume and flow conditions causing the quality of natural water cannot be
maintain within the body of water. Drops of water from the source that go through the
treatment process may be treated differently in different communities depending on the
quality of the water which enters the plant. The treatment plant is designed in such a
way that it allows operators, technicians or staff to operating on the water treatment
system, emphasizing safe practices and procedures. They have knowledge to control
and reduce odours in drinking water, perform basic water laboratory procedures, and
solve arithmetic problems commonly associated with water treatment plant operations.
In Malaysia, the privatisation of water services started in the 1990s. Since the
investment in water supply are independent and had been a responsibility of the 13
states of Malaysia, with no significant role for the federal government. Although Malaysia
is a federal state, most states depend on funds that transfer from the federal
government. Self-supplied industrial water nationwide is estimated to be more than
200% of municipal demand. The requirement for water quantity in commercial and
industrial purposes has been related to such factors as units produced, employed
workers, or establishment of the floor area. This varies locally as it is depending on
whether there are large industries and desire to obtain water from the municipal system.
Without this treatment plant systems, water that flows out from tap will contain
massive number of pollution, garbage unfit for consumption. Intake water that contain
harmful bacteria and viruses will cause health problem and some diseases take time to
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present visible signs, but it does not mean they are inactive in your organism. Water
purifiers are designed to eliminate and reduce certain pollutants (nitrates, pesticides,
heavy metals, organic materials...), as well as improve the quality taste of water
(eliminating chlorine). Therefore, manufacturers and distributors of domestic water
treatment systems took this opportunity to promote their own water filtration systems.
Different types of domestic water treatment systems have been introduced to the public.
Different state has different water treatment system.
4
Installation of the Water Treatment Plant
A water treatment plant is served to provide clean and safe water to the
customers. To supply the customer clean and safe water, there are several principal
considerations in the design of the water treatment plant.
First of all, the authority shall inspect the water demand and the water treatment
plant capacity before starting to construct a water treatment plant. This is to ensure it
fulfills the water demand of the customer.
Besides, the proposed site shall be examined by the design engineer before it
started to be constructed. There are certain such as the way of building the plant,
interface with existing facilities and building materials used in construction of treatment
plant. Other than that, it is a necessity for the treatment plant to have a long lasting and
durable structure equipped with low maintenance cost.
Furthermore, a water treatment plant is generally built near to a natural source of
water storage area such as lake and river in order easily obtain raw water from the
natural sources.
Management of Water Treatment Plant
The authority is responsible to provide, operate and maintaining a treatment plant
consistently performs at a cost effective level. They are also required to manage the
operation and maintenance cost to provide the community a economical treated water.
According to the Tchobanoglous(1991), one of the principal tools used for plant startup,
operation, and maintenance is the operations and maintenance (O&M) manual. The
authority shall follow the O&M manual to efficiently operate and maintain their facilities.
In order to manage the water treatment plant, our country has privatize the water
treatment plant to a few company. Privatization means to authorize private company and
operation of the plants to entitle those companies to perform their duty. This may
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enhance the operating efficiencies and reduce the burden of the government in
managing the water treatment plant.
The Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
First of all water treatment for domestic water supplies have provided numerous
of benefits to us and also to the environment. It eases the need of clean water in our
daily life. The raw water that we obtain from various sources such as from lake and
stream contain several kinds of impurities which are not safe to consume yet. Therefore,
with the existence of water treatment plant, it filters all away the debris, impurities,
bacteria, virus, chemical and any other pollutants away. Waste water is also treated
before it release to the ecosystem.
The water treatment process is capable of removing more than 90% of
suspended solids from the water by different layers of treatment process such as
coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. Then only the
supplied domestic water is safe and clean to use. Generally, there are some elements
which are unable to be 100% segregated from the water treatment process but it is
definitely safe to be consumed.
The water treatment is also easy to be maintained. As the treatment system can
be self sustaining. Thus, it is cost effective.
Disadvantages
Although the water treatment of domestic supplies in Malaysia meets the
requirement World Health Organisation’s (WHO) standards, it still lack of improvement
and using the old fashion way to purified the water. Our neighbour country, Singapore
which leads the world wide world to a new era by purifying sewage water to drinking
water by their advance treated process. However, our country is rich with the natural
resources and causes us to stay in a comfortable zone. Comparing to Singapore, they
are lack of natural resources which enlighten them to be more innovative and creative to
invent the water recycling process(a process treat waste water so it can be consumed
again) to purify the sewage water to become drinkable clean water. The inefficient water
6
treatment management system in our country has leads to water shortage and caused
water rationing in some city area in the year of 2014. Not only because of the hot and
dry climate condition but also due to the water infrastructure problems that of ammonia
contamination in some water treatment plant. Besides, political deadlock in negotiations
between the government and private water concessionaires also played central roles in
this water shortage incident.
Besides, our country water treatment system is lack of the membrane process or
so called the reverse osmosis process. This process can treat aesthetic contaminants
that cause unpleasant taste, colour and odour problems (Spellman & Drinan2012).
Therefore, commonly the residents of Malaysia would have to spend extra cost to install
water filter machine to ensure the water is bacteria free.
Another concern that we should have aware of that with the increase of numbers
in human population, the more the water treatment plants that we need in order to
provide the sufficient needs. Construction of new water treatment plants do impact to the
ecosystem. Ecosystem was destroyed to build the plants which also make us a loss of
natural water treatment area.
7
Case Study
Malaysia is a country located in South East Asia which got its independence from
Britain in 1957. It is made up of 13 states and three federal territories. It is divided into
east and west Malaysia where the west is a peninsular bordering with Thailand in the
north and Singapore in the south while the East is on the island of Borneo which borders
Brunei and Indonesia.
The climate is Equatorial with seasonal monsoon between the months of
November to January that affects the northern states of peninsular Malaysia. The
population of Malaysia is about 28 million based on the 2010 census. Currently there is a
total of about 430 water treatment plants being operated by various water supply
authorities in Malaysia. Of these 80% are conventional in treatment capability and 20%
are sub conventional which is possessing only parts of a complete conventional
treatment processes and capability.
The sources for all the water treatment plants are rivers and problems from the
rivers such as flooding and contamination will be elevated in the water treatment plants.
Most of the water treatment plants are monitored 24 hours a day by technical teams
leaded by a technician not engineer and so some emergency decisions are taken by the
technician. In large water treatment plant where the work are computerised then
engineers are stationed there to make the necessary decisions.
Water Treatment – Urban
The urban population are where all the large towns and cities are located and
most of the water treatment plants are using the rapid gravity filtration system. The
whole process of water treatment is Aeration, Coagulation and Flocculation,
Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection.
8
Most of the urban water source in Malaysia is from surface water taken from
streams, rivers and lake. The surface water originates from ground water outflows and
partly from rainwater that had flowed over the ground to the receiving bodies of surface
water. The ground water outflows will bring dissolved solids into the surface water where
the surface run-off is the main contributor of turbidity and organic matter as well as
pathogenic organisms.
In rivers, the dissolved mineral particles remain uncharged but the organic
impurities are degraded through chemical and microbial processes. Most rivers in
Malaysia does not required any treatment four decades ago and are suitable for drinking
but now are polluted because of effluents discharge from industries and plantations. The
three principal sources of polluting rivers are the organic wastes from sewage and
discharges from oil-palm and rubber factories.
The range and complexity of water pollution problems caused by discharged of
non agro-based industrial effluents has increased especially in industrial centres. The
main industrial sources of pollution come from electroplating industries, tanneries, textile
mills, food processing industries, chlorine-alkali plants, distilleries, electronic factories
and sulphuric acid plants. A considerable lot of these industries discharge wastes
containing different compounds including heavy metals into public water course without
any prior water treatment. Critical levels of toxic heavy metals have been found in some
river basin like the Juru River Basin.
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SCREENING
The first stage of the preliminary treatment usually involves a simple screening or
straining operation to remove large solids. A coarse screen with openings of about
75mm is used to prevent large objects from reaching the intake. The main screen is
usually provided in the form of a mesh with openings of up to 5-20mm. The screenings
removed from water are normally returned to the source downstream of the abstraction
point. Afterwards micro straining is used for the removal of algae and similar-size
particle.
11
Figure 1 Screening Process
AERATION
The water from the river is pumped up to a reservoir or plain sedimentation tank and
from there the water is aerated for the purpose of:
1. increasing the oxygen content
2. reducing the carbon dioxide content
3. removing hydrogen sulfide, methane and various volatile organic compounds
responsible for taste and odour
The purpose of (a) and (c) above are useful in the production of good drinking water.
Aeration is widely used for the treatment of ground water having too high in iron and
manganese content.
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Figure 2 Treatment Process
Figure 3 Coagulation and Flocculation Process
COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
The development of rapid gravity sand filter (RGF) has emphasized the need to
eliminate as much as possible the particles of suspended matter through processes
known as coagulation and flocculation. The process of coagulation is to treat raw water
with chemicals usually aluminium sulfate to coagulate the particles but sometimes ferric
sulfate, ferrous sulfate and sodium aluminate are also added. While flocculation is the
growth of coagulated particles by uniting the colloidal and larger particles of suspended
matter together, leading to an easier settlement and a more effective filtration
Figure 4 Sedimention Process
SEDIMENTATION
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There are two sedimentation processes occurring. One is after the intake from the
river (plain sedimentation) where the settling of suspended matter without the aid of
chemical coagulation. Sometimes pre-chlorination is recommended at low dosage to
avoid THM. The second one is after coagulation/flocculation and for better results and
improved utilisation of settling basins by using the chemical coagulant before going
through the filtration process. Then, the alum sludge is accumulated at the bottom of the
basin is needed to be removed from time to time. The sludge is not difficult to be
biodegrade and sometimes is dumped back into the river.
Figure 5 Filtration Process
FILTRATION
The most commonly used filtration type is the rapid gravity sand filters (RGF) and in
some parts of the country slow sand filters (SSF) are still being used. The basic principal
of filtration is to filter out the tiny floating floes which escape the opportunity to settle at
the basin.
The best single process that can effect an improvement in the physical, chemical
and bacteriological quality side of normal surface water is the slow sand. The
advantages of slow sand filter in developing countries are:
1. The cost of construction is low especially where manual labour is used.
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2. Simplicity of design and operation means that filters can be built and used with
limited technical supervision. No special pipework, equipment or instruments are
needed.
3. The labour required for maintenance can be unskilled as major job such as
cleaning the beds can be done by hand.
4. Imports of materials and equipment can be negligible and no chemicals are
required.
5. Power is not required if a fall is available on site as long as there are no moving
parts or requirements for compressed air or high pressure water.
6. Variation in raw water quality and temperature can be accommodated, provided
turbidity does not become excessive and overloading for short periods does no
harm.
7. Water is saved because of no backwashing.
8. Sludge is less troublesome as its quantity is small and easily dewatered.
DISINFECTION
Disinfection by chlorination is the procedure of killing illness causing microorganism
in water through the use of germicidal effect of chlorine. The bacteria are killed when it
were oxidised by chlorine but the effect is not immediate and instant. It requires
minimum duration for the contact time between chlorine and bacteria about 20 minutes.
Chlorine residual is the remained chlorine constituent after the application of chlorine in
the treatment process.
Chlorine residuals are of two kinds, which are combined chlorine residual and free
chlorine residual. Free chlorine residual has better disinfection effect than combined
chlorine residual, but for it to be used and applied throughout the pipe network then
heavy dosage of chlorination is necessary.
The World Health Organisation has recommended that there should be about 0.1 to
0.2 ppm of free chlorine residual throughout the water distribution network.
RURAL WATER TREATMENT
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The water treatment plant in the rural or villages are usually the sub conventional
system or the disinfection of wells like for example ground water. The villages which are
far from the public water distribution system will have to rely on ground water from wells,
rainwater and springs.
Microfiltration, Reverse Osmosis and Ultraviolet Disinfection
On the other hand, there are 3 advance processes which are not applied in our
country water treatment system as our country does rich in natural water resources. With
these processes, the waste water could be treated as clean as drinking water. However,
to some of the country like Singapore they have limited water resources therefore its
essential for them to recycle the waste water and they named is as NEWater.
The primary stage of the process is Microfiltration. Water that goes through this
membrane process contains only organic molecules and dissolved salts. Other
compound such as virus, bacteria, dirt and suspended solids were segregated and
remain in the membrane.
After that, the water is passed through the Reverse Osmosis process which is a
semi permeable membrane that only allows very small particles to pass through. This
process could filter away small particles like viruses, metal compound, some organic
compound and any other contaminants. Accordingly, the water now is almost as clean
as drinking water that only contains a tiny amount of salts and organic substance.
To ensure the quality of water, the water goes through further treatment by using
the ultraviolet disinfection to kill all living microorganisms in the water. This enhances the
purity and quality of the NEWater.
Lastly, the water was regulated to a restore to a certain pH level with the addition
of alkaline chemicals.
16
Figure 7 Water Distribution Company in Malaysia
Water is one of the central issues in the 21st century in Malaysia. Of all the
issues related with water management, water governance is considered of primary
importance. According to UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), water
governance refers to the range of economic, political, social, and administrative systems
that are set to develop and manage water resources as well as the delivery of water
services at different levels of the society.
Klang Valley is a part of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur territory. In 1998, a large
portion of Klang Valley experienced a water crisis when the three reservoir dams namely
Batu Dam, Klang Gates Dam, and Semenyih Dam suffered a substantial drop in water
level due to the El Nino phenomenon. The water shortage consequently affected almost
all the residents residing there causing the government to step in and impose water
rationing prior to the 1998 Commonwealth Games hosted in Kuala Lumpur.
Meanwhile just recently since February 2014, another water crisis was happened
in the Selangor state, Malaysia until April 2014. Unfortunately Klang Valley is again one
of the areas that fare worst from it due to hot and dry seasons. In Selangor, the 5
reservoir dams in the state suffered a considerable drop in water level. Then water
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rationing begins to be imposed in the state on 25 February. However on 29 March 2014,
it was revealed that water rationing in Putrajaya, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and
Selangor has been extended to April 30. The is country's worst ever recorded was in
1998 when 4.2 million people had to share the 2,553 million liters per day, a drop of 105
million liters per day. But this time, the need for 7.1 million users of 4,900 million liters
per day had reduced to 4,367 million liters per day, down by 533 million liters per day.
Causes
In the year of 2014, the extreme hot and dry weather in our country and lack of
rainfall in the water catchment area had gradually causes the raw water sources to be
out of supplied.
Besides, the offline of water treatment plant in selangor because of ammonia
pollution which causess the water to be unsafe to be consumed.
19
Possible Problem to the system
There are several issues which may cause problem to the system.
Garbage
The garbage deliver by the fishing enthusiasts as paper, aluminum, elastic,
glass, plastic, sustenance are gathered and deposited into the water store. These things
take from 2 weeks to 200 years to break down. At the point when such things enter the
reservoir, they cause water contamination as well as damage creatures in the capacity.
These garbage influence the quality and also the taste and odour of the water.
Industrial waste
Industries produce enormous measure of waste which contains harmful
chemicals and contamination which can bring about air pollution and harm to us and our
surroundings.
Shortage of Water Filtrations Systems
The primary reason that makes people sick from waterborne diseases is that the
water was inadequately filtered. In Malaysia, it is not greater emphasis of a problem
compare to the rural areas that are still using water wells as their water resources. We
are worried that the source of water is contaminated with unwanted elements because it
is not properly filtered.
Overpopulation
An inevitable fact of life is that when more people are born, nurtured and
sustained, the more amount of water it is going to take to quench their thirst. Due to the
increasing percentage of people on Earth, it will strain our combined ecosystems ability
to provide clean water supply not just for drinking but for food, hygiene and industry. Add
in the fact that only 3% of Earth’s water is fresh water and a large portion of it are
trapped as glaciers and ice masses. The introduction of new technologies may help us
conserve what we have on Earth.
20
Recommendation to future improvement
In order to improve and enhance our water quality, several improvement
procedures must be applied and implemented not only in our water treatment system but
also reduces or prohibit our human activities that threaten natural environment.
Implementation of Reverse Osmosis methods
Reverse Osmosis methods utilize a unit partitioned into two chambers by a semi-
penetrable film. One of the chambers contains "crude" water with undesirable
constituent(s) (e.g., salt). Reverse osmosis includes the use of weight to the side of the
chamber containing the "crude" water. This powers the water to leave the debased
chamber and course through the treatment film into the "treated" water chamber,
deserting the undesirable minerals, which are then flushed to the channel. The film
channels the water on an atomic scale. Reverse osmosis gives somewhat
dematerialized water. The procedure is compelling for evacuating numerous substances,
including sulphate and chloride, and it for the most part leaves the water 90 percent free
of mineral and organic foulants. Be that as it may, pre-filtration or other treatment may
be required for the framework to work legitimately. The uprooted substances are
discarded in more or less 1 to 3 gallons of water which are squandered for each 1 gallon
that is created.
Reduction in Water Pollution
Water pollution can be considered a serious problem in Malaysia as it has a
negative impact on the sustainability of water resources. Clean water availability is
reduced as the cost of treating polluted water us too high. Enforcement in form of
penalties and punishment should be enforced to make sure the irresponsible person or
community will get the appropriate punishments due to their actions.
Reduce Deforestation
In order to reduce the impact of water shortage, first we need to stop the
development around the catchment area. Besides that we should stop develop buildings
in Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya and establish satellite city to disperse the crowded
population around this areas. By conserving the forests, we can consider building
additional dams in the Klang Valley area to increase the influx of water storage.
21
Learning outcome
Throughout this assignment, we have learned about the importance of water
treatment for human being. First of all, we get to understand more about water treatment
in Malaysia. The main reason of water treatment is basically to purify or to clear the
impurities in the water so that it is safe to be consumed or use. There are many steps
and process need to be taken care and greatly supervised before the water is delivered
for the usage of human being. For example coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation,
filtration and disinfection are important processes. Most of the water treatment plant is
monitored 24 hours in case there is any emergency case.
Other than that, we also learned about the disadvantages and advantages of
domestic water treatment in Malaysia. We have learned the population in our country
and the number of water plants to supply water to the citizen. As the pollution of our
rivers is quite serious, this makes the water treatment process even more important.
Besides that, we also did research about water treatment of other countries like
Singapore. We found out Singapore has limited water resources but their technology is
more advanced in the way they have 3 more processes that Malaysia doesn’t have.
Those 3 processes are Microfiltration, Reverse osmosis and Ultraviolet Disinfection. By
undergoing these 3 processes, their water can be clean as drinking water.
We also get to know the hazardous compounds contain in the water. For
example viruses and bacteria which are dangerous if consumed. Nevertheless, we
learned about sources of water for rural area and urban area. The sources of water for
urban areas are mostly from river or stream and for rural areas the source of water are
from wells or rain water. Last but not least, we realized the importance of water and how
great it can influence the human being.
22
References
Domestic Water Treatment for Homeowners | American Ground Water Trust. (2014).
Retrieved June 6, 2015, from http://www.agwt.org/content/domestic-water-treatment-
homeowners#WATER
Kanellos, M. (2009, November 17). Sewage to Drinking Water: Singapore Paves the
Way. Retrieved June 9, 2015, from
http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/sewage-to-drinking-water-singapore-
shows-the-way
Klang Valley Water Crisis. (n.d.). Retrieved June 7, 2015, from
http://www.academia.edu/6580323/Klang_Valley_Water_Crisis
PUB Water Treatment. (2014, October 7). Water Treatment. Retrieved June 21, 2015,
from http://www.pub.gov.sg/general/watersupply/Pages/WaterTreatment.aspx
Sources and Causes of Water Pollution - Conserve Energy Future. (2013, April 15).
Retrieved June 13, 2015, from http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-and-
causes-of-water-pollution.php
Spellman, F., & Drinan, J. (2012). Water Treatment. In The Drinking water handbook
(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL, New York: CRC Press.
SYED YUSOFF, S. (1993.). CASE STUDY : MALAYSIA. In WATER TREATMENT IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Retrieved June 9, 2015, from
http://ir.uitm.edu.my/4564/1/SYED_ABDUL_FATTAH_SYED_YUSOFF_93_24.pdf
Tchobanoglous, G. (1991). Wastewater engineering: Treatment, disposal, and reuse
(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Water Treatment for Domestic Water Supplies. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2015, from
http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/eng10363/$file/Module7.pdf?
OpenElement
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Appendix
Introduction- Yeoh Pooi Ching
Installation of the Water Treatment Plant- Yee Algel
Management of Water Treatment Plant- Yee Algel
The Advantages and Disadvantages- Yee Algel
Case Study- Chin Tze Wei, Yeoh Pooi Ching, Bo Yong Khong,
Possible Problem to the system- Lee Kit Hung
Recommendation to future improvement- Bo Yong Khong
Learning outcome- Hoo Bung Jiat
References
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