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Session ID-BRKEWN-3016
Understanding RF Fundamentals and theRadio Design of Wireless Networks
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Session Abstract
This advanced session focuses on the deep-dive understanding ofthe often overlooked Radio Frequency part of the designing anddeploying a Wireless LAN Network. It discusses 802.11 Radio,
MIMO, Access Points and antenna placements, when to use a DASsystem, antenna patterns… It covers the main environments such ascarpeted offices, campuses and conference centers, and it providesfeedback based on lessons learned from challenging deploymentssuch as outdoor/stadium/rail deployments and manufacturing areas.
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Session Agenda - Objectives
What is radio how did we get here and what is frequency?
Basic 802.11 RF terminology and radio hardware identification
802.11 Antenna Basics – Single & Diversity Antennas
Interpreting antenna patterns – Cisco Richfield Facility
Diversity, Multipath, and the technical elements of 802.11n
DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems) overview – how used
Access Point Models and Features
802.11n design and deployment
Installations – above ceiling (plenum) – installations that went wrong
Antennas for Rugged Access Points – MIMO antennas for ceilings and walls
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What We Won‘t Be Covering
Mesh deployments
Clean-Air (separate session for that)
Interference mitigation
Specific site survey utilities
LBS (Location Base Services)
FCC rules and regulations
WLAN management
802.11n beyond RF characteristics
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What is radio?How did we get here and what is frequency?
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Basic understanding of Radio…
How fast the AC current goes is its ―frequency‖
AC is very low frequency 60 Hz (Cycles Per Second)
Radio waves are measured in kHz, MHz and GHz
The lower the frequency the physically longer the radiowave – Higher frequencies have much shorter waves assuch, they take more power to move them greaterdistances. This is why 2.4 GHz goes further then 5 GHz
(given same amount of RF power)
Popular Radio Frequencies:
AM Radio 650 kHz = WSM 650 AMShortwave 3-30 MHzFM Radio 88-108 MHzWeather Radio 162.40 MHzCellular Phones 800-900 MHzWiFi 802.11a 5 GHzWiFi 802.11b/g 2.4 GHz
Battery is DCDirect Current
Typical home is ACAlternating Current
AC Frequency 60 Hzor 60 CPS – CyclesPer Second
Waves travel back and forthso fast they leave the wire
Vintage RFTransmitter
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Each Frequency or sets offrequencies (channels) have differentservices such as Shortwave, FMradio, television, etc - Most of theseare licensed services however somelike ―Wi-Fi‖ are ―unlicensed‖
Rest assured your FederalGovernment knows these
frequencies well…
DC Light
Radio Spectrum goes almost from DC to LightYou just need a radio receiver to “tune them in”
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The US Radio Spectrum (3kHz-300GHz)
Uncle Sam has allocated the entire usable RF spectrum from DC to LightSource: US Department of Commerce http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.PDF
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Wi-Fi Portion of the Radio Spectrum
Wi-Fi is ―unlicensed‖ so it doesn‘t show up in
the overall spectrum allocation as a service
But it has beginnings in the ISM (industrialScientific Medical) band where it was notdesirable or profitable to license such shortrange devices.
The first frequencies availablefor Wi-Fi use was in the 900MHz and 2.4 GHz range
As Wi-Fi popularity and usageincreased the FCC allocated
additional spectrum in the 5GHz band for (unlicensedusage)
Portions of the spectrum weuse today is licensed byAmateur (Ham Radio) and
other services such as radiolocation (weather radar)
There is more bandwidth in 5GHz and mechanisms are inplace to co-exist with radiolocation (radar) services
2.4 GHz 5 GHz
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A radio needs a proper antenna
Cisco antennas areidentified by colorBlue indicates 5 GHzBlack indicates 2.4 GHz
As the frequencygoes up the radiatingelement gets smaller
Antennas are custom made and havefrequency ranges and specifications
Omni-Directional antennaslike the one on the left,radiate much like
a raw light bulb wouldeverywhere in all directions
Directional antennas like this―Patch‖ antenna radiate
forward like placing tin foil
behind the light bulb or tiltingthe lamp shade
Note: Same RF energy isused but results in greaterrange as its focused at thecost of other coverage areas
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Complex Modulation Schemes
Radio technology has a lot incommon with that old twisted pairphone line that started out at 300baud and then quickly increased
In order to get faster data rates,(throughput) into the radio signal,complex modulation schemes asQPSK or 64 bit QAM is used.
Generally speaking, the faster thedata rate the more powerful the signalneeds to be (at the receiver) to be
successfully decoded.
Take-away here is that 802.11n is amethod of using special modulationtechniques and *not* specific to afrequency like 2.4 or 5 GHz
802.11n can be used in either band
QAM or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is oneof the fastest modulation types actually sendingtwo signals that are out of phase with each otherand then somehow ―putting all the pieces back
together‖ for even greater throughput.
This is one of the advantages of 802.11n
Example of 802.11n Modulation Coding Schemes
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Wi-Fi Radio Spectrum
Even today many portable devices in use are limited to 2.4GHz only including newer devices but this is changing
802.11b/g is 2.4 GHz802.11a is 5 GHz802.11n (can be either band) 2.4 or 5 GHz
The 2.4 GHz spectrum has only(three non-overlapping channels1,6 and 11 (US)
There are plenty of channels inthe 5 GHz spectrum and they donot overlap
2.4 GHz and 5 GHz are differentportions of the radio band andusually require separateantennas
Most if not all 5 GHz devices
also have support for 2.4 GHz
Note: There are still many2.4 GHz only devices todayprimarily because thosechipsets are less costly to
produce
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Basic 802.11 RF terminology and RadioHardware Identification
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Common RF terms Attenuation – a loss in force or intensity – As radio waves travel through objects or in media such as coaxial cable attenuation
occurs.
BER – Bit Error Rate - the fraction of bits transmitted that are received incorrectly.
Channel Bonding – act of combining more than one channel for additional bandwidth
dBd – abbreviation for the gain of an antenna system relative to a dipole
dBi – abbreviation for the gain of an antenna system relative to an isotropic antenna
dBm – decibels milliwatt -- abbreviation for the power ratio in decibels (dB) of the measured power referenced to one milliwatt oftransmitted RF power.
Isotropic antenna – theoretical ―ideal‖ antenna used as a reference for expressing power in logarithmic form.
MRC – Maximal Ratio Combining a method that combines signals from multiple antennas taking into account factors such assignal to noise ratio to decode the signal with the best possible Bit Error Rate.
Multipath – refers to a reflected signal that combines with a true signal resulting in a weaker or some cases a stronger signal.
mW – milliwatt a unit of power equal to one thousandth of a watt (usually converted to dBm)
Noise Floor – The measure of the signal created from the sum of all the noise sources and unwanted signals appearing at thereceiver. This can be adjacent signals, weak signals in the background that don‘t go away, electrical noise from electromechanicaldevices etc.
Receiver Sensitivity – The minimum received power needed to successfully decode a radio signal with an acceptable BER. This isusually expressed in a negative number depending on the data rate. For example the AP-1140 Access Point requires an RFstrength of at least negative -91 dBm at 1 MB and an even higher strength higher RF power -79 dBm to decode 54 MB
Receiver Noise Figure – The internal noise present in the receiver with no antenna present (thermal noise).
SNR – Signal to Noise Ratio – The ratio of the transmitted power from the AP to the ambient (noise floor) energy present.
TxBF – Transmit beam forming the ability to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, so-called streams , fromeach of the multiple transmit antennas
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Identifying different cable types
LMR- 400 Foil & shield
LMR – 1200
½ inch solid copper cable sometimescalled ―hardline‖ or ―heliax‖ trade
names (side can be milled to be leaky)
Leaky Coaxshield cut away on one side
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Antenna Cables – LMR Series
This is a chart depictingdifferent types of TimesMicrowave LMR Seriescoaxial cable.
Cisco uses Times
Microwave cable and hasstandardized on two types:Cisco Low Loss (LMR-400)and Cisco Ultra Low Loss(LMR-600).
LMR-600 is recommended
when longer cable distancesare required
Larger cables can be usedbut connectors are difficultto find and install
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Antenna Cables
LMR-400 is 3/8 inch Cisco Low LossLMR-600 is ½ inch Cisco Ultra Low Loss
Trivia: LMR Stands for Land Mobile Radio
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Antenna Cables - Plenum
If the cable is ORANGE in color it is usuallyPlenum Rated.
Plenum is the air-handling
space that is found abovedrop ceiling tiles or belowfloors.
Because of fireregulations this type ofcable must burn with lowsmoke
The 3 Ft white cableattached to most Ciscoantennas is plenum rated.
Our outdoor cable (black)is not Plenum
Plenum cable is moreexpensive
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802.11 Antenna basics
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Antenna basics
Antenna - a device which radiates and/or receives radio signals Antennas are usually designed to operate at a specific frequency
Wide-Band antennas can support additional frequencies but it‘s atrade-off and usually not with the same type of performance.
Antenna Gain is characterized using dBd or dBi
Antenna gain can be measured in decibels against a reference antennacalled a dipole and the unit of measure is dBd (d for dipole)
Antenna gain can be measured in decibels against a computer modeledantenna called an ―isotropic‖ dipole <ideal antenna> and the unit ofmeasure is dBi (i for isotropic dipole) (computer modeled ideal antenna)
WiFi antennas are typically rated in dBi.
dBi is a HIGHER value (marketing folks like higher numbers)Conventional radio (Public safety) tend to use a dBd rating.
To convert dBd to dBi simply add 2.14 so a 3 dBd = 5.14 dBi
Again… dBd is decibel dipole, dBi is decibel isotropic.
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How does a Omni-directional dipole radiate?
The radio signal leaves the center wire using the ground wire(shield) as a counterpoise to radiate in a 360 degree pattern
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Antenna theory (Dipole & Monopole)
Dipole
A dipole does not require a
ground plane as the bottom half
is the ground (counterpoise).
Monopole
A Monopole requires a
ground plane – (conductive
surface)
808 Ft Broadcast Monopole WSM 650
AM - Grand Ole Opry (erected in 1932)
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Antenna theory (dipole & monopole)
Monopoles were added to our
antenna line primarily for aesthetics
and require a metal surface to radiate
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How does a directional antenna radiate?Although you don‘t get additional RF power with a directional antenna it does
concentrate the available energy into a given direction resulting in greater
range - much like bringing a flashlight into focus.Also a receive benefit - by listening in a given direction, this can limit thereception of unwanted signals (interference) from other directions for better
performance
A dipole called the ―driven element‖ is placed in front of other elements.
This motivates the signal to go forward into a given direction for gain.(inside view of the Cisco AIR-ANT1949 13.5 dBi Yagi)
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Patch Antenna a look inside
9.5 dBi Patch, AIR-ANT5195-R
Patch antennas can have multiple radiating elements thatcombine for gain. Sometimes a metal plate is used behind theantenna as a reflector for more gain
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Antennas identified by color
Blue indicates 5 GHzBlack indicates 2.4 GHz
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Most common 2.4 GHz antennasfor Access Points (single and diversity)
Antenna Description
AIR-ANT4941
2.2 dBi Swivel-mount Dipole; most popularmounts directly to radio, low gain, indoor
AIR-ANT5959
2 dBi Diversity Ceiling-mount Omni
AIR-ANT1729
6 dBi Wall-mount Patch
AIR-ANT1728
5.2 dBi Ceiling-mount Omni
AIR-ANT3549
9 dBi Wall-mount Patch
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Most common 5 GHz antennasfor Access Points (single and diversity)
Antenna Description
AIR-ANT5135D-R3.5 dBi Omni-directional Antenna; mounts directly to radio, low gain,indoor
AIR-ANT5145V-R
4.5 dBi Omni-directional Diversity Antenna; unobtrusive, ceilingmount, low gain, indoor
AIR-ANT5160V-R6 dBi Omni-directional Antenna; ceiling or mast mount, indoor/outdoor
AIR-ANT5170P-R7 dBi Patch Diversity Antenna;directional, small profile, wall mount, indoor/outdoor
AIR-ANT5195-R9.5 dBi Patch Antenna;directional, small profile, wall mount, indoor/outdoor
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Understanding and interpreting antenna patterns
A quick peek at the Cisco Richfield Facility
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Understanding antenna patternsDipole (Omni-directional)
Low gain dipolesradiate everywherethink ―light bulb‖
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Understanding antenna patternsMonopole (Omni-Directional) MIMO
When three monopoles are next to eachother – the radiating elements interactslightly with each other – The higher gain4 dBi also changes elevation more
compared to the lower gain 2.2 dBi Dipole
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Understanding antenna patternsPatch (Directional)
5 GHz Patch Antenna
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Understanding antenna patternsPatch (Higher Gain Directional)
Four element Patch Array
Single Patch Antenna
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Understanding antenna patternsSector (Higher Gain Directional)
AIR-ANT2414S-R14 dBi Sector 2.4 GHz
Elevation plane has nulls due to high gain 14 dBi
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Understanding antenna patternsSector (Higher Gain Directional)
AIR-ANT2414S-R14 dBi Sector 2.4 GHz
Elevation plane has nulls due to high gain 14 dBibut antenna was designed with ―Null-Fill‖
meaning we scaled back the overall antennagain so as to have less nulls or low signal spotson the ground.
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The Richfield Ohio (Aironet) facilityA quick peek where antennas are designed...
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The Richfield Ohio (Aironet) facility designsantennas and qualifies 3rd party antennas
Satimo software compatible withStargate-64 System. Basicmeasurement tool is 8753ESNetwork Analyzer.
Cisco Anechoic chamber using an 18-inchabsorber all the way around 1-6 GHzAnechoic means ―without echo‖
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FCC regulatory compliance testing is alsodone at the Richfield Ohio facility.
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Yes we have just a few Access Points…
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RF Screen rooms everywhereCopper shielding (Faraday Cage)
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Cables are typically fiber and exitthrough well shielded holes
Doors have copper fingers andlatch tight forming an RF seal
RF Screen roomsCopper shielding on top metal on bottom
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RF Screen roomsCopper shielding (Faraday Cage)
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Cisco Richfield Facility
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Understanding multipath and diversityand the technical elements of 802.11n
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As radio signalsbounce off metalobjects they oftencombine at thereceiver
This often results ineither an improvement―constructive‖ or a
―destructive‖ type of
interference
Understanding MultipathMultipath can change signal strength
Note: Bluetooth type radios that ―hop‖ across the entire band can reduce multipath
interference by constantly changing the angles of multipath as the radio waveincreases and decreases in size (as the frequency constantly changes) howeverthroughput using these methods are very limited but multipath is less of a problem
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Understanding MultipathMultipath reflections can cause distortion
As the radio waves bounce they can arriveat slightly different times and angles causingsignal distortion and potential signalstrength fading
Different modulation schemes fair better –802.11a/g/n uses a type of modulationbased on symbols and is an improvementover the older modulation types used with802.11b clients
802.11n with more receivers canuse destructive interference(multipath) as a benefit.
Tip: It is still best to reducemultipath conditions wheneverpossible – Keep antennas awayfrom metal objects
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Antenna placement considerations
Never mount antennas nearmetal objects as it causesincreased multipath and
directionality
AP antennas need placements that are awayfrom reflective surfaces for best performance
Avoid metal support beams, lighting andother obstructions.
When possible or practical to do so, alwaysmount the Access Point (or remote
antennas) as close to the actual users asyou reasonably can
Avoid the temptation to hide the AccessPoint in crawl spaces or areas thatcompromise the ability to radiate well
Think of the Access Point as you would alight or sound source, would you really put a
light there or a speaker there?
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Non-802.11n diversity Access Points use two antennas sampling eachantenna choosing the one with the least multi-path distortion
Cisco 802.11a/b/g Access Points start off favoring the right (primary
antenna port) then if multi-path or packet retries occur it will sample theleft port and switch to that antenna port if the signal is better.
Note: Diversity Antennas should always cover the same cell area
Understanding Diversity (SISO)802.11a/b/g diversity has just one radio
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Receiver benefit as each antenna has a radio section
MRC is done at Baseband using DSP techniques
Multiple antennas and multiple RF sections are used in parallel
The multiple copies of the received signal are corrected and combined atBaseband for maximum SNR (Signal to Noise) benefit
This is a significant benefit over traditional 802.11a/b/g diversity where only oneradio is used
Understanding Diversity (MIMO)MRC Maximal Ratio Combining (three radios)
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Understanding 802.11 MIMO terminology
MIMO (Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output)
Some RF components of 802.11n include:
MRC – Maximal Ratio Combining a method that combines signals from multiple antennas taking into accountfactors such as signal to noise ratio to decode the signal with the best possible Bit Error Rate.
TxBF – Transmit beam forming – The ability to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, so-called ―streams‖ from each of the multiple transmit antennas.
Channel Bonding – Use of more than one frequency or channel for more bandwidth.
Spatial Multiplexing – A technique for boosting wireless bandwidth and range by taking advantage of multiplexingwhich is the ability within the radio chipset to send out information over two or more transmitters known as ―spatial
streams‖.
Note: Cisco 802.11n Access Points utilize twotransmitters and three receivers per radio module.
MIMO is pronounced ―My Moe‖ not to be confused with this Moe.
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MIMO 40MhzChannels
PacketAggregation
BackwardCompatibility
Technical Elements of 802.11n
MIMO 40Mhz ChannelsPacketAggregation
BackwardCompatibility
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Aspects of 802.11n
Beam Forming Spatial MultiplexingMaximal Ratio Combining
MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output)
MIMO 40Mhz ChannelsPacketAggregation
BackwardCompatibility
Performed byTransmitter(Talk Better)
Ensures SignalReceived inPhase
IncreasesReceiveSensitivity
Works withnon-MIMO andMIMO Clients
Without Beam FormingTransmissions Arrive out ofPhase and signal is weaker
With Beam FormingTransmissions Arrive in Phase,
Increasing Signal Strength
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Aspects of 802.11n
Beam Forming Spatial MultiplexingMaximal Ratio Combining
MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output)
40Mhz ChannelsPacketAggregation
BackwardCompatibility
Performed byReceiver(Hear Better)
CombinesMultiple ReceivedSignals
IncreasesReceiveSensitivity
Works withnon-MIMO andMIMO Clients
Performance
Multiple Signals Sent;One Signal Chosen
Without MRC
Multiple Signals Sent and Combinedat the Receiver Increasing Fidelity
With MRC
MIMO AP
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Aspects of 802.11n
Beam Forming Spatial MultiplexingMaximal Ratio Combining
MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output)
40Mhz ChannelsPacketAggregation
BackwardCompatibility
Transmitter andReceiverParticipate
ConcurrentTransmission onSame Channel
IncreasesBandwidth
Requires MIMOClient
Performance
stream 1
stream 2
Information Is Split and Transmitted on Multiple Streams
MIMO AP
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20-MHz
20-MHz
40-MHzGained Space
MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output)40Mhz Channels
Aspects of 802.11n
MIMO 40Mhz ChannelsPacketAggregation
BackwardCompatibility
Moving from 2 to 4 Lanes
40-MHz = 2 aggregated 20-MHz channels—takes advantage of thereserved channel space through bonding to gain more than double thedata rate of two 20-MHz channels
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40Mhz Channels
Aspects of 802.11n
Packet Aggregation
40Mhz ChannelsPacketAggregation
MIMOBackwardCompatibility
Carpooling Is More Efficient Than Driving Alone
Without Packet Aggregation
DataUnit
Packet
802.11nOverhead
DataUnit
Packet
802.11nOverhead
DataUnit
Packet
802.11nOverhead
With Packet Aggregation
Data Unit
Packet802.11nOverhead
PacketPacket
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Packet AggregationBackward Compatibility
Aspects of 802.11nPacketAggregation
BackwardCompatibility
MIMO 40Mhz Channels
2.4GHz 5GHz
802.11ABG Clients Interoperate with 11n ANDExperience Performance Improvements
11n Operatesin BothFrequencies
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1 2 6 113 4 5 7 8 9 12 13 1410
2.402 GHz 2.483 GHz
40MHz 802.11n channel
Channel Bonding:Wider channels means more bandwidth per AP
Understanding MCS rates and Channel Bonding
20 MHz channel
MCS rates 0-15 applyRegardless of channelBonding.
MCS 0-7 is one Spatial Stream
When you bond a channelYou have a control channel and adata (extension) Channel
Legacy ABG clients use controlchannel for communication
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2.4 GHz, 40 MHz Bandwidths
Tip: Channel bonding in 2.4 GHz should be avoided in enterprise deploymentsTip: Use 5 GHz as there are no overlapping channels to worry about
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Example UNII-3 Channel Bonding
In 40-MHz you define the control channel this is the channel thatis used for communication by Legacy .11a clients.
The Extension channel is the bonded channel that HighThroughput ―HT‖ 802.11n clients use in addition to the controlchannel for higher throughput as they send data on BOTH
channels
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Channel Bonding - Subcarriers
When using the 40-MHz bonded channel, 802.11n takes advantage of the fact that each 20-MHz channel
has a small amount of the channel that is reserved at the top and bottom, to reduce interference in thoseadjacent channels.
When using 40-MHz channels, the top of the lower channel and the bottom of the upper channel don'thave to be reserved to avoid interference. These small parts of the channel can now be used to carryinformation. By using the two 20-MHz channels more efficiently in this way, 802.11n achieves slightly more
than doubling the data rate when moving from 20-MHz to 40-MHz channels
802.11n uses both 20-MHz and 40-MHzchannels.
The 40-MHz channelsin 802.11n are two
adjacent 20-MHzchannels, bondedtogether.
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Understanding Guard Interval
The guard intervalthat is part of eachOFDM symbol is aperiod of time that isused to minimizeinter-symbol
interference.
This type ofinterference iscaused in multipathenvironments whenthe beginning of anew symbol arrivesat the receiver beforethe end of the lastsymbol is done.
Default mode for 802.11n is 800 nanosecondsIf you set a shorter interval it will go back to long
in the event retries occur
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54 48 36 24 Mbps
54 Mbps MRC
TxBF
Spatial Multiplexing
802.11a/g AP(non-MIMO)
802.11n AP(MIMO)
802.11a/g client(non-MIMO)
802.11a/g client(non-MIMO)
300 Mbps802.11n AP
(MIMO)
802.11n client(MIMO)
MRC
TxBF
Spatial Multiplexing
MRC
TxBF
Spatial Multiplexing
802.11n OperationThroughput improves when all things come together
Channel Bonding
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MCS index of 802.11n rates
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Understanding DAS Antenna SystemsOverview – How used
Antenna Technologies ―DAS‖
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Antenna Technologies ―DAS‖Traditional DAS deployments over coaxial cable
DAS – Distributed Antenna System Mostly seen in healthcare, higher education & hospitality
Major benefits of DAS include:
Carry multiple wireless signals simultaneously (cellular, paging, etc)
Consolidates work above ceiling – fewer cables
Aggregates majority of active components in closet for easy replacement
Disadvantages
Usually one antenna per AP – lack of MIMO and diversity support
Cisco TAC will not support RF signal when radio is separated from theantenna on non-Cisco equipment
Compromises the benefits of CUWN‘s advanced features including RRM,Location, VoFi, etc.
Reduced technology migration paths - 802.11n can be more difficult tosupport
Large solid copper cable once installed, is difficult to move if changes arelater required (remodeling etc).
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How does DAS work?
DAS works by placing multiple radio services on a common cableor antenna system using selective filters and/or a low gainmultiband antenna.
Two methods are typically used ―Leaky coax‖ and ―discretewideband antennas‖ or sometimes a combination of both.
Tip: Avoid daisy-chaining antennas as this breaks key features
like location/voice based services – use only discrete widebandantennas (one antenna per AP) with this type of DAS
Leaky ―radiating‖ coaxial cable
Bad for location based applicationsWide-Band antenna
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Leaky coax DAS
Leaky coaxial systems are sometimes used in mining applications and assembly lines(think above assembly work benches)
For leaky coax to be effective, it needs to be installed in very close proximity to the actual WLANusers (distances are short typically 5-20 Ft) and will not work reliably at higher 5 GHz
frequencies. Limited to single channel - high potential for co-interference issues
Note: Leaky coax should be used for only the most basic Wi-Fi scenarios, i.e. light connectivityfor low bandwidth apps. Not recommended for features such as voice or location
Cable has shielding removedon one side – center radiates
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Traditional coaxial DAS solutions
Depending on the type of ―wide band antenna‖ DAS system used, signalsleave the Access Point‘s antenna port and go through RF filters
(passive) and/or bi-directional amplifiers (active) circuitry
While better then a leaky coaxial system, it is not a simple installation andrequires professional installers with experience cutting and terminatingthe expensive (solid copper shielded) cable. Connector termination can
be a point of failure and cable moves can be expensive
Note: Unused antenna ports should be terminated to avoid interference toAccess Points that are co-located
RP-TNCTerminator
New approach
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New approachIn-building cellular – CAT 5e/6/6a
Cisco has a Solutions Plus Resell partnership with Mobile Access
Whereas Cisco resells the MA branded and supported product
Mobile Access active indoor cellular over same UTP
cable that can be shared with Cisco Access Points
New approach
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New approachIn-building cellular – CAT 5e/6/6aMobile Access Pod using one UTP cable from the cellular controller
can filter the cellular signals from the cable and pass GigE PoEto the Cisco Access Point
• Eliminates the need for expensive solid copper cabling and the complexities of same• Enables quicker and cost effective deployment with common UTP cabling• Allows MA solution & Wi-Fi to co-exist on one single UTP cable• No modifications or wide band antennas, no terminators are required on the AP
Note: Cisco Access Points with integrated antennas can also be used with this solution.
Cellular and Wi-Fi sharing CAT-5e/6/6a
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Cellular and Wi-Fi sharing CAT-5e/6/6a
WLAN APSwitch
New / Existing Cat-5/6 Ethernet GigE
POE Alt A
WLAN “802.11n”
Ethernet-LANTraffic Passes
Over
0 to ~100 MHz
MobileAccessVEShifts Carrier to
IntermediateFrequencies
FrequenciesStarting at
140 MHz andAbove
Shared StructuredCabling System isPassive to WLAN
and Cellular
Cellular “Cell, PCS”
BDA, BTS,Pico, Femto
AccessPodCellular
Controller
2 Cellular Bands or 1 MIMO Service
POE Alt B
Co-existence of
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Wi-Fi and Cellular Antenna
Wi-Fi overTraditional DAS
Shared Coax cablingAPs in closet
No Cisco RF Support
Likely no MIMO, MRCor ClientLink, RRM,Poor roaming, Location
Overlay
No Wi-Fi limitations
Expensive cabling
Duplicate cabling
Cellular over CAT5
No Wi-Fi limitationsCheap UTP cables
RF signals limited by
UTP cabling two forCAT5 more with CAT6a
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Access Point Models and Features
Introduction of new Access Points
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C a r p e t e d
R u g g
e d i z e d
11abg 11n + CleanAir11n
1130
12401260
3500e
3500i1140
Introduction of new Access Points
1250
Ai t I d A P i t C i
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AP 1130 AP 1140 AP 3500i AP 1240 AP 1250 1260 3500e
Integrated CleanAir No No Yes No No No Yes
Data Uplink (Mbps) 10/100 10/100/1000 10/100/1000 10/100 10/100/1000 10/100/1000 10/100/1000
Power Requirement 802.3af 802.3af 802.3af 802.3afE-PoE
802.3af*802.3af 802.3af
Installation Carpeted Carpeted Carpeted Rugged Rugged Rugged Rugged
Temp Range 0 to +40°C 0 to +40°C 0 to +40°C -20 to +55°C -20 to +55°C -20 to +55°C -20 to +55°C
Antennas Internal Internal Internal External External External External
Wi-Fi standards a/b/g a/b/g/n a/b/g/n a/b/g a/b/g/n a/b/g/n a/b/g/n
DRAM 32 MB 128 MB 128 MB 32 MB 64 MB 128 MB 128 MB
Flash 16 MB 32 MB 32 MB 16 MB 32 MB 32 MB 32 MB
Aironet Indoor Access Point Comparison
•802.3af fully powers single radio AP1250 or provides 1x3 performance on a dual radio 1250
Integrated antenna? – External antenna?
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g
Integrated antenna versions
are designed for mountingon a ceiling (carpeted areas)where aesthetics is aprimary concern
Use for industrial applications
where external or directionalantennas are desired and orapplications requiring highertemperature ranges
Carpeted areas Rugged areas
Wh i d
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When to use integrated antennas
When there is no requirement for directionalantennas and the unit will be ceilingmounted
Areas such as enterprise carpeted officeenvironments where aesthetics areimportant
When the temperature range will notexceed 0 to +40C
Wh l
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When to use external antennas
Reasons to consider deploying a rugged AP
When directional ―focused‖ coverage is desiredor greater range is needed
The environment requires a more industrialstrength AP with a higher temperature rating of-20 to +55 C (carpeted is 0 to +40 C)
The device is going to be placed in a NEMA
enclosure and the antennas need to beextended
You have a desire to extend coverage in twodifferent areas with each radio servicing anindependent area - for example 2.4 GHz in theparking lot and 5 GHz indoors
Requirement for outdoor or greater rangeBridging application (aIOS version)
Requirement for WGB or mobility applicationwhere the device is in the vehicle but antennasneed to be mounted external
Rugged AP in ceiling enclosure
Wh t AP 1240 d AP 1250
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When to use AP-1240 and AP-1250
Reasons to consider the AP-1240 or AP-1250
The AP-1240 and AP-1250 support highergain antennas - a benefit only if a high gainantenna already exists or is required
Higher gain (up to 10 dBi) can improveWGB and outdoor Bridging distances
Recommend the AP-1240 if theinfrastructure is older 10/100 ports andthere is no interest in upgrading to 11n
AP-1240 will work with older Cisco PoEswitches (Cisco proprietary power)
AP-1240 draws less power so better forsolar applications
AP-1240 supports Cisco Fiber injectors
Tip: Higher than 10 dBi antenna gains aresupported with the 1300 Series Bridge/AP
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802.11n Design and Deployment
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Phases of 802.11n deployment
Design Considerations
•Which AP to choose
•1:1 Replacement Strategy for Capacity
•5 GHz Strategy
•11n Clients
Planning
•WCS Planning Tool
•Infrastructure Considerations
Deployment
•Site Survey
Operation
•Configuration (40 MHz RRM, Data Rates, Security, etc.)
•Tracking and augmenting controller capacity
Whi h 802 11 A P i t i i ht?
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Which 802.11n Access Point is right?
AP-3500i and AP-3500e have the verylatest Cisco features such as Clean AirCisco‘s spectrum intelligence
AP-1140 and AP-1260 are of similar
design less Cisco Clean Air features andcan also run autonomous code (aIOS)for stand alone or Workgroup Bridgeapplications.
Note: 3500 Series does not support theolder aIOS autonomous mode
All the Access Points were designed tohave similar coverage for ease ofdeployment
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AP1140 AP1250
AP3500i AP3500e
Coverage Comparison – 5GHz
1130 Access Point
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1130 Access PointPlacement
1130 Access Point Placement1 per 5,000 sq feet for data only
1 per 3,000 sq feet for voice, location
SeveralSupported Apps
Web
Radio Resource Management
Adaptive channel / power coverage
Operational simplicity
1140, 3500i Access Point
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1140, 3500i Access PointPlacement
Improved coverage at
higher data rates
1 for 1 replacementAP1140, 3500i reuses existingAP1130 T-Rail Clip
More Applications Supportedat Any Given Location
WebVoice
Video
Backup
ERP
ABG
ABG
ABG
ABG
Access Points (Internal Antenna Models)
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Access Points (Internal Antenna Models)Designed Primarily for ceiling (carpeted) Installations
Access Point has six integrated802.11n MIMO antennas
4 dBi @ 2.4 GHz3 dBi @ 5 GHz
Note: Metal chassis andinverted ―F‖ antenna
elements were designed tobenefit ceiling installations asthe signal propagatesdownward in a 360 degreepattern for best performance
Antenna element
Antenna Patterns
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Antenna PatternsAzimuth and Elevation Patterns for 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz
2.4 GHzAzimuth
5 GHzAzimuth
5 GHz
Elevation
2.4 GHz
Elevation
AP Placement – Wall Mounting
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AP Placement Wall Mounting
Wall mounting is acceptablefor small deployments suchas hotspots, kiosks, etc butradiation is better on ceiling
Best for enterprise deployments ascoverage is more uniformespecially for advanced featuressuch as voice and location
AP-1140 and AP-3500i AP-1260 and AP-3500e
What about mounting options?
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What about mounting options?Different mounting options for ceiling APs
Cisco has options to mount tomost ceiling rails and directly intothe tile for a more elegant look
Locking enclosures and differentcolor plastic ―skins‖ available from
third party sources such aswww.oberonwireless.comwww.terrawave.com
AP Pl t E l t P bl A
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AP Placement—Evaluate Problem Areas
Object in Signal Path
Plasterboard wall
Glass wall with metal frame
Cinder block wall
Office window
Metal door
Metal door in brick wall
Phone and Head position
3 dB
6 dB
4 dB
3 dB
6 dB
12 dB
6 dB
SignalAttenuation
Clips adapt Rail to ―T‖ bracket.
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p pAttaching to fine line ceiling rails
If the ceilingrail is not wideenough or toorecessed forthe ―T‖ rail this
can beresolved usingthe optionalclips
Part number for ceiling clips is AIR-ACC-CLIP-20=This item is packaged in 20 pieces for 10 Access Points
Effective Frequency Use—5GHz and 2.4GHz
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q yCreate a 5GHz Strategy
5GHz Recommended for 802.11n• More available spectrum—greater number of channels
• Reduced interference (no Bluetooth, Microwave Ovens, etc.)
• Maximum throughput in a 40MHz channel
• Many 11n devices only support 40MHz in 5GHz
2.4GHz still benefits from MIMO and packet aggregation
1
6 11
2
1 3 5 7 9 11
4 6 8 10
5GHz 40MHz Channels2.4GHz 20MHz Channels
11n
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Client Adapters
Make sure adapter is 11n Draft 2.0 or better certified by WiFiAlliance - http://www.wi-fi.org
802.11n adapters have a major influence on performancelevels that can be achieved
Built-in 11n adapters out perform add-on• USB and PCMCIA 11n adapters have less than optimal antennaplacement as those form factors have less then ideal antenna spacing
Not realistic to upgrade most older laptops with internal 11nadapters
• Need three antennas connectors
11n Client Adapter
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pRecommendations
Update 802.11n client drivers to the latest revision
Cisco-Intel relationship means that the Intel 11n adapterwith Cisco‘s APs have had the most test time
WCS Planner
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1140 and 11n Support
Set AP type
Select ‗Enable 11n support‘
Select protocol‗802.11a/n, b/g/n‘
Select optimize for HT
Select Voice & location if desired
Calculate/Apply/Add APs to Map
WCS Planner
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Data Rate Heat Map
Add APs to map
Set Heat Map type to Data Rates
Set Cutoff to desired minimum data rates
WCS Planner
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Proposal
Generate proposal
Use proposal for budgetary estimates Use proposal with survey to create final install
AP count and placement design
Recommend survey to validate and calibrate proposal results
Third Party Survey Tools
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There are many and I believe they are all good
Airmagnet
EDX
Ekahau
Helium Networks
Wireless Valley
… and many others
Tip: Survey and use Cisco antennas
If you contract this out, some companies use theirown antennas and then lock you into them saying―that‘s what we surveyed with‖… if in doubt use
Cisco Advanced Services as they also performsite surveys
Site SurveyS S
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Site Survey Recommendations
Use ―Active Survey‖ tools
• Example - AirMagnet 6.0 uses Iperf tosend traffic when surveying to measureactual data link speeds
Survey for lowest commonclient
• Once for 11a/g clients
• Once for 11n clients (optional)
Survey at intended AP power levels
11n Deployment ExpectationsD S i
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Data Services
Range• 10-15% increase in maximum range versus a non-N AP
• Recommended 1:1 replacement of an 802.11a/g deployment
Coverage• 10-20% increase in 802.11a/g high data rate coverage
• More uniform coverage and consistent coverage (MIMO)
Capacity
• Largest gain for 802.11n capable clients
• Maximum data rates of 144Mbps in 2.4GHz
• Maximum data rates of 300Mbps in 5GHz
Improved 802.11g Coverage1130 1140 11G A ti S
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1130 11G Survey
48 Mbps Coverage
86 Feet
1140 11G Survey
48 Mbps Coverage
102 Feet
1130 vs. 1140 —11G Active Survey
18% Increase in 802.11g Coverage
Note the more uniform coverage of high (green) data rates
5GHz - Maximum Range
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5GHz Maximum Range
AP1130 – 5GHz AP1140 – 5GHz
802.11n DeploymentDesigning Around 5GHz 40MHz Channels
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Designing Around 5GHz 40MHz Channels
One APData Rate vs. RSSI
Full DeploymentContiguous 5GHz Coverage
5 GHz Dynamic Frequency Selection
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5 GHz Dynamic Frequency Selection
When Radar IsPresent
APs ShiftChannels—
Results in LowerAvailable Channels
and Loss of UNI 2and UNI 2e Bands Radar
Available40MHzChannels
No DFSSupport
DFSSupport
4 11
5 GHz Frequency
UNI 1 UNI 2 UNI 2 Ext. UNI 3UNI 2 UNI 2 Ext.
DFS and Available Bandwidth
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DFS and Available Bandwidth
Full DFS support is required forcomplete use of channels in 5GHz
Limited DFS support directlyimpacts available bandwidth
Limited bandwidth restrictsapplication support andnegates investment in 11n
Available Channels per Region Theoretical Cisco Meru/Aruba
United States
11n 5GHz
20MHz
24 21 8
11n 5GHz40MHz
11 9 4
Europe
11n 5GHz20MHz
19 19 4
11n 5GHz40MHz
9 9 2
Available Bandwidth in 5GHz for 11n
0
150
300
450
600
750
900
1050
1200
1350
Meru/Aruba Meru/Aruba Cisco Cisco
* 40 MHz Channels in 5GHz
600Mbps
300Mbps
1350Mbps 1350Mbps
US Europe
USEurope
Tuning RRM 5GHz Channel SelectionUNII 2 Extended Channel Considerations
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UNII-2 Extended Channel Considerations
Wireless ->802.11a/n -> DCA
Uncheck channels 100-140
(UNII2-Extended)
Some older clientscannot utilize UNII-2Extended Channels
The 5GHz radio couldbe ‗invisible‘ to the client
If your clients do notsupport these channelsthey can be disabledsee below
Utilizing 11n Wide Channels20MHz vs 40MHz Considerations
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20MHz vs. 40MHz Considerations
The 40MHz mode of 802.11n provides the highest throughput withdata rates of 300Mbps
• Should not be utilized in the 2.4GHz band
• Not enough channels for 40 MHz mode
The 5GHz band has enough spectrum to make 40MHz feasible
• Use 20MHz for 802.11a voice deployments
• Use 40MHz for maximum data throughput with 802.11n clients
Use RRM for 40MHz
Mixed ModePerformance
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Performance
11n
300 Mb54 Mb
WLAN Controller
11n
11g
Mixed mode experiences slightperformance impact due to ABGclients
11n clients still transmit at fullperformance
PHY and MAC for 11n provides co-existence and protection for ABGclients
Move 11n clients to 5GHz, keep
legacy clients at 2.4GHz
Improving Mixed Mode PerformanceDisabling Unnecessary Data Rates
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Disabling Unnecessary Data Rates
Benefit: Beacons and Broadcast traffic utilizeless ―airtime‖
For 802.11b/g deploymentsDisable: 1, 2, 5.5, 6 and 9Mbps
For 802.11g-only deployments
Disable: 1, 2, 5.5, 6, 9 and 11Mbps
For 802.11a deploymentsDisable: 6 and 9 Mbps
Higher rates can also be disabled (ex. 12,
18Mbps) – dependant on deployment
Tuned 802.11b/g Data Rates:
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Installations – Above Ceiling (Plenum)When they must be invisible
AP Placement in Plenum Areas
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When placing the Access Point above theceiling tiles (Plenum area) Ciscorecommends using rugged Access Pointswith antennas mounted below the Plenumarea whenever possible
Cisco antenna have cables that are plenumrated so the antenna can be placed below
the Plenum with cable extending into theplenum
If there is a hard requirement to mountcarpeted or rugged Access Points usingdipoles above the ceiling – This can bedone however uniform RF coveragebecomes more challenging especially if
there are metal obstructions in the ceiling
Tip: Try to use rugged Access Points andlocate the antennas below the ceilingwhenever possible
Installation above the ceiling tilesA ti l il b th til b d
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An optional rail above the tiles may be used
Note: The AP should be as close to the tile as practical
AP bracket supports this optional T-bar box hanger item 2(not supplied) Such as the Erico Caddy 512 or B-Line BA12.
Installation above the ceiling tilesM t AP l t th til d f bj t
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Mount AP close to the tiles and away from objects
Installing Access Pointsabove the ceiling tilesshould be done only whenmounting below the ceilingis not an option.
Such mounting methodscan be problematic foradvanced RF featuressuch as voice and locationas they depend on uniformcoverage
Try to find open ceiling areas away frommetal obstructions (use common sense)
Tip: Mount antennas eitherbelow ceiling tile or the APas close to the inside of thetile as possible
Plenum installs that went wrongYes it happens and when it does its bad
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Yes it happens and when it does its bad…
When a dipole is mountedagainst a metal object youlose all Omni-directionalproperties.
It is now essentially adirectional patch sufferingfrom acute multipathdistortion problems.
Add to that the metal pipesand it is a wonder it worksat all.
Dipole antennas up against a metal box create apatch like antenna - that plus metal pipes createunwanted Multipath Destructive Interference
Tip: Try to get Access Pointsclose to the actual users – Thisantenna is radiating forwardhigh in the ceiling where thereare no users - try to avoid thesetypes of installs
Plenum installs that went wrongHuh?? You mean it gets worse?
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Huh?? You mean it gets worse?
Antennas cannot radiate well with all this mess – someone went to a lot of―trouble‖ to mount this -- just to encounter even more connectivity ―trouble‖.
Installations that went wrong
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Ceiling mount AP up against pipe not goodAntennas are obstructed
Metal duct blocking antenna causingMultipath interference
Installations that went wrong
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Mount the box ―lid down‖ withthe antennas pointingdownward – Tip: Antennas donot work well against metal
Patch antenna - Shooting across a metalfence – Put it on a cross arm away from fenceor find a better location
Installations that went wrong
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Sure glad this particular model runs abit on the warm side --- ―Chirp Chirp‖
I guess most dry wall guysare not radio engineers –
Exactly how did this happen?
Minimize the Impact of Multipath
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p p
Temptation is to mount on beams orceiling rails
This reflects transmitted as well asreceived packets
Dramatic reduction in SNR due to
high-strength, multipath signals
Minimize Reflections When Choosing Locations
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Antennas for Rugged Access Points802.11n options for ceilings and walls
Guide to Antenna part numbers
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p
MIMO Ceiling Antenna 2.4 GHzAIR-ANT2430V-R (3 dBi ceiling mount Omni)
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( g )
Antenna has threemonopole elements
MIMO Ceiling Antenna 5 GHzAIR-ANT5140V-R (4 dBi ceiling mount Omni)
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( g )
Antenna has threemonopole elements
AIR-ANT2451NV-R
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2.4 GHz (2.5 dBi) & 5 GHz (3.5 dBi) dual band ceiling omni
Six leads - 5 GHz antennas have blue
markings (shrink wrap)
AIR-ANT2460NP-R
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2.4 GHz 6 dBi Three Element Patch
AIR-ANT5160NP-R
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5 GHz 6 dBi Three Element Patch
AIR-ANT2450NV-R= & AIR-ANT5140NR-RMIMO “Multi-mount” Omni 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
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MIMO Multi mount Omni 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
New 3 in 1 Antenna for 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz.
Gain should be 4 dBi for each antenna – but
may be higher depending on how much
gain we can achieve.
New Cisco Antenna part numbers
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Outdoor weatherproofing
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Outdoor weatherproofingCoax-Seal can be used with
or without electrical tape.
Taping first with a qualityelectrical tape like Scotch 33+vinyl allows the connection tobe taken apart easier.
Many people tape then useCoax-Seal then tape againthis allows easy removal witha razor blade.
Note: Always tape from thebottom up so water runs overthe folds in the tape. Avoidusing RTV or other causticmaterial.www.coaxseal.com
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Q and A
Complete Your OnlineSession Evaluation
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