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Bridge Types
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EGCE 406EGCE 406Bridge Design
II. Bridge Typesg yp
Praveen Chompreda
Mahidol UniversityFirst Semester, 2007
Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge
SubstructureF d (P l / S d F )
SuperstructureA b b Foundation (Pile/ Spread Footing)
Pier (Column) Abutment
Any structures above bearing which support the roadway
Wearing Surface Abutment g
deck bearings
pierpier
abutment
foundation
Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge
Superstructure
Substructure
Roadway Deck
Abutment Abutment
Substructure
SSuperstructureRoadway Deck
Pier
Abutment
Substructure
Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge
Bearing
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Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge
Pin Joint
C B
Bearing
Cap Beam
Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge
SuperstructureSuperstructure
Cap Beam
Bearing
Cap Beam
Pier
Span LengthSpan Lengthspan length
single span
span lti multi span
Span > 6 m Bridge Span < 6 m Culvert Short span: 6-30 m Medium span: 30-100 m Span 6 m Culvert Long span: > 100 m
T f B idTypes of Bridge
Types by Kinds of Traffic
Types by Traffic Position
Types by Material and FabricationTypes by Material and Fabrication
Types by Structural System
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Types of Bridge by TrafficTypes of Bridge by Traffic
Highway bridge (trucks, cars) Pedestrian bridge (pedestrians, bicycles) Railway bridge (trains)y g ( ) Transit guideway (city trains, monorail) Other types (pipelines utilities industrial aqueduct airport Other types (pipelines, utilities, industrial, aqueduct, airport
structure)
Types: Highway BridgeTypes: Highway Bridge
Golden Gate BridgeCalifornia, USA
Avon Mouth BridgeBristol, UK
Types: Pedestrian BridgeTypes: Pedestrian Bridge
El Alam illo BridgeSeville, Spain200m span
Japan Bridge (1994) Japan Bridge (1994) Paris, France
100m span
Types: Railway BridgeTypes: Railway Bridge
Mountain Creek Bridge (1880)
Stoney Creek Bridge (1894)
Mountain Creek Bridge (1880)Canada
Stoney Creek Bridge (1894)Canada
325ft span
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Types: Transit GuidewayTypes: Transit Guideway
BTS SystemBangkok, Thailand
Types: OthersTypes: Others
R A d tRoman AqueductSpain
Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) (circa 19 BC) N FNimes, France
Types: OthersTypes: Others
Runway at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)Los Angeles, USAg
Types: OthersTypes: Others
Navigational Canal Netherlands
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Types of Bridge by Traffic Positionyp g y
Deck type Structural components under the deck Preferred by drivers (can clearly see the view) Requires space under the bridge
Through type Structural components above the deck Obstructed view (not a problem for railway bridges) No structure under the bridge
Half-through type
Types: Deck TypeTypes: Deck Type
Rhone BridgeFrance
Henry Hudson Bridge (1936)
France
Types: Through TypeTypes: Through Type
Firth of Forth Bridge (1890)ScotlandScotland
521m span
Types: Through TypeTypes: Through Type
Tonegawa River Bridge (1972) JJapan
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Types: Half-ThroughTypes: Half Through Types by Material & FabricationsTypes by Material & Fabrications
MaterialsM (b k k)
FabricationsP (RC/PC) Masonry (brick, rock)
Timber Reinforced Concrete (RC)
Precast (RC/PC) Cast-in-place (RC/PC) Pretensioned (PC) Reinforced Concrete (RC)
Prestressed Concrete (PC) Iron
Pretensioned (PC) Posttensioned (PC) Prefabricated (steel)
Steel Aluminum
( )
Rivet (steel) Bolted (steel/ timber)
Composites Plastics Etc
Welded (steel) Etc
Etc
Types by Material & FabricationsTypes by Material & Fabrications
Timber Bridgeprobably built in place?
Types by Material & FabricationsTypes by Material & Fabrications
L d D V B d (2001)Leonardo Da Vinci Bridge (2001)Norway40 m SpanGlue-laminated Timber Bridge
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Types by Material & FabricationsTypes by Material & Fabrications
Steel P f b i dPrefabricated(probably with precast slab)
Types by Material & FabricationsTypes by Material & Fabrications
Prestressed & Precast & PretensionedPrestressed & Precast & Pretensioned(most likely with precast concrete slab)
Types by Material & FabricationsTypes by Material & Fabrications
Prestressed Segmental BridgePrecast & Post TensionedPrecast & Post-Tensioned
Types of Bridge by StructureTypes of Bridge by Structure
Arch Beam Cantilever Cable-Stayed Suspension Suspension Others
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Types: Arch BridgeTypes: Arch Bridge
Forces Along the Arch
Reaction ForcesReaction Forces
Types: Arch BridgeTypes: Arch Bridge
Semi-circle (has vertical reaction f l )force only)
Flat arch (has vertical and horizontal forces at the support)horizontal forces at the support)
Tied arch (tie resists tension force))
Types: Arch BridgeTypes: Arch Bridge
Hinge changes the degree of i d i i h hingless indeterminatcy in the structure
2 hi d2 hinged
3 hinged
keystone
3 hinged
tie
voussoir
Types: Arch BridgeTypes: Arch Bridge
Hinge Detail at the top of an arch bridge
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Types: Arch BridgeTypes: Arch Bridge
Ponte dei Salti Bridge (circa 1st century AD)
Switzerland
Th h i
SwitzerlandMasonry Arch
M i l The arch construction was invented during the Roman empire
Materials Masonry Timberempire Timber Concrete (Reinforced/ Prestressed) Steel
Types: Masonry Arch BridgeTypes: Masonry Arch Bridge
Ponte Fabricio and Ponte Cestio (65 BC), Tiberina Island, ItalyPonte Fabricio and Ponte Cestio (65 BC), Tiberina Island, Italy
Types: Masonry Arch BridgeTypes: Masonry Arch Bridge Types: Masonry Arch BridgeTypes: Masonry Arch Bridge
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Types: Masonry Arch BridgeTypes: Masonry Arch Bridge Types: Concrete Arch BridgeTypes: Concrete Arch Bridge
Bixby Bridge (1932)California, USA
97.5 m span97.5 m spanConcrete arch
Types: Concrete Arch BridgeTypes: Concrete Arch Bridge
Enz Bridge (1961)Mlacker, Germany
46 m spanConcrete arch
Types: Prestressed Concrete ArchTypes: Prestressed Concrete Arch
Natchez Trace Parkway Bridge (1994)Tennessee, USA502 m span
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Types: Steel Arch BridgeTypes: Steel Arch Bridge
Sydney Harbor Bridge (1938)Sydney, Australiaparabolic arch 503 m span
Types: Steel Arch BridgeTypes: Steel Arch Bridge
Construction of Sydney Harbor Bridgey y g
Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges
Vertical Loads from Traffic
ROADWAY DECK
BEAM
The most basic type of bridge
BEAM Typically consists of a beam simply supported on each side by a pier
PIER PIERon each side by a pier and can be made continuous later
Typically inexpensive to build
Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges
Common Materials
Timber Truss RC Beam Steel Plate Girder/ Box Girder Steel Truss Girder Prestressed Concrete Girders
I-Beam, U-Beam, T-Beam Segmentally Prestressed Box Beam Segmentally Prestressed Box Beam
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Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g
simple
cantilever
continuous
C l f h b b id (i f RC d PC) Currently, most of the beam bridges are precast (in case of RC and PC) or prefabricated
Most are simply-supported Most are simply-supported Some are made continuous on site
Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g
Mountain Creek Bridge (1880)CanadaTimber
Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g
hot-rolled box plate girder sections sections
Steel sections may be hot-rolled shapes (for short-span bridge), Box section (medium span), or Plate Girder (medium span)
Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g
Steel Box Gi d Girder Bridge
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Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g
Upper: Steel Plate Girder BridgeLower: Prestressed Concrete I-Girder Bridge
Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g
Steel Plate Girder
Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g
Steel Plate Girder(C ti )(Continuous)
Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g
6'9" Prestressed Concrete
P t ( d P t i d)
8"
Precast (and Pretensioned) sections are usually of I-shapep
54"
28 o 0.5" strands
13@2" =26"
6@2" =12"
@
T T i d
Typical Cross-Section of Pretensioned AASHTO
AASHTO Type IV Girder. Type IV girder
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Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g
Precast Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete BridgeSi l S d BSimply-Supported Beam
Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges
Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete are often found in the form of t ll t bsegmentally precast members
Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges
Segmental construction may be t t d i 2 constructed in 2 ways
Cantilever Construction construct from the pier equally p q yon both sides
Span-by-Span Construction finish one span at a timefinish one span at a time
Span-by-Span
Cantilever
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Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g
Some types of truss bridges can also be considered as a beam bridge h l k d l b llwhen looked globally
Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges
Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges
Steel Truss can be of beam type, arch type, or cantilever typedepending on the primary mechanismsdepending on the primary mechanisms
Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges
Components of Truss
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Types: Cantilever BridgesTypes: Cantilever Bridges
In a cantilever bridge, the roadway is constructed out from the pier in two di ti t th ti th t th i ht b th id t b l directions at the same time so that the weight on both sides counterbalance each other
Notice the larger section at the support to resist negative moments Notice the larger section at the support to resist negative moments
Types: Cantilever BridgesTypes: Cantilever Bridges
Types: Cantilever BridgesTypes: Cantilever Bridges
Steel Truss Cantilever Prestressed Concrete Segmental Cantilever Beam
350'
150'
1700'
Firth of Forth Bridge (1890), Scotland521m span
Types: Steel Truss Cantilever BridgeTypes: Steel Truss Cantilever Bridge
Firth of Forth Bridge (1890)Scotland
521m span
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Types: Steel Truss Cantilever Bridgeyp g Types: Cantilever BridgesTypes: Cantilever Bridges
Prestressed Concrete Segmental Cantilever BeamColumbia River Bridge
USA 1950 ft span
Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed BridgeTOWER/ PYLON TOWER/ PYLON
Vertical Loads from Traffic
ROADWAY DECK
PIER PIERPIER PIER
Reaction Force Reaction Force
Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge
Cable-stayed bridge uses the prestressing principles but the prestressing tendons are external of the beamtendons are external of the beam All the forces are transferred from the deck through the cables to the pylon
Roadway deck can be: (Prestressed) Concrete Box Deck Steel Box Deck Steel Truss Deck Steel Truss Deck
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Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge
P t Steel Box
Beam
I-Shaped Cross Beam
Precast Concrete Panel
Roadway
Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge
Harp Type
Fan Type Fan Type
Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge
Cable-Stayed BridgeRama IX Bridge
Bangkok
450m spanp
Tatara Bridge
JapanJapan
890m span
Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge
Millau ViaductFranceFrance
I d i l Ri R d B idIndustrial Ring Road BridgesBangkok, Thailand
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Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge
Construction sequence
Construct Pylons
Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge
Erect the deck away from the pylon in both of the pylons.
Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge
Join the cable-stayed sections with the back piers (back piers helps resist tension forces)
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Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge
The concrete roadway deck is laid as the deck structure is erected
Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge
Finally, join the two cantilevers at the midspan
Types: Suspension BridgeTypes: Suspension Bridge
Suspension bridge needs to have very strong main cables Cables are anchored at the abutment abutment has to be massive
TOWER/ PYLONTOWER/ PYLON
Vertical Loads from Traffic
ROADWAY DECK
PIER PIER
ABUTMENTABUTMENT
Types: Suspension Bridgeyp p g
Forces in Main Cable
Reaction Forces
Reaction Force Reaction Force
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Types: Suspension BridgeTypes: Suspension Bridge
Anchor of a suspension bridge
Types: Suspension Bridgeyp p g
London Tower Bridge (1894)London, UK
3-Hinged Suspension Bridge Tension member is a truss Tension member is a truss
Types: Suspension BridgeTypes: Suspension Bridge
Mackinac Bridge (1957)Mi hi USAMichigan, USA
1158 m span
Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)Washington, USA2800 f 2800 ft span
Types: Suspension BridgeTypes: Suspension Bridge
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998) Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998) Japan 1991m central span
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Types: Suspension Bridgeyp p g
Millennium F b id Footbridge (2002)London, UK144m span
Types: Suspension Bridgeyp p g
Types: Suspension BridgeTypes: Suspension Bridge Types: Othersyp
Pontoon (Floating) Bridge
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Types: OthersTypes: Others
The bridge can The bridge can rotate to allow ships
to go under
Gateshead Millennium Bridge (2000)Gateshead Millennium Bridge (2000)Gateshead, UK126m span
Types: OthersTypes: Others
Charing Cross Bridge (middle - truss) and Golden Jubilee g g ( ) JBridges (outer cable-stayed).
Which type should I use?Which type should I use?
Consider the followings:
Span length Bridge length
B i Beam spacing Material available Sit diti (f d ti h i ht t i t ) Site conditions (foundations, height, space constraints) Speed of construction Constructability Constructability Technology/ Equipment available Aesthetics Aesthetics Cost Access for maintenance Access for maintenance
Span LengthSpan Length
st eel suspension
st eel rib arch
st eel suspension
concret e arch
st eel t russ arch
scable- st ayed st eel
st eel t russ
Type
s
Types m in m axslab 0 12concrete girder 10 220t l i d 10 270
st eel girder
cable- st ayed concret esteel girder 10 270cable-stayed concrete 90 250cable-stayed steel 90 350steel t russ 90 550
l b
concret e girder
st eel girderconcrete arch 90 300steel t russ arch 250 500steel r ib arch 120 370steel suspension 300 2000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
slab
Span Length ( m )Span Length ( m )
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Span LengthSpan Length Cost vs. Span LengthCost vs. Span Length
The span length may be influenced by the cost of superstructure ( t/ t ) d b t t ( t/ i )(cost/meter) and substructure (cost/pier)
If the substructure cost is about 25% of total cost shorter span is more cost-effectivecost effective
If the substructure cost is about 50% of total cost longer spans are more economical
Cost vs. Span LengthCost vs. Span Length
Substructure here is expensive compared with the superstructuresuperstructure
If the water is shallow, substructure is inexpensive p
compared with the superstructure
Access for MaintenanceAccess for Maintenance
Total Cost = Initial Cost + Maintenance Cost Bridge should be made easy to inspect and maintain Maintenance cost may govern the selection of bridgey g g
Steel bridge needs a lot of maintenance in coastal regions Concrete bridge usually require the least maintenanceg y q
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Beam SpacingBeam Spacing
Beam spacing determine the number of girdersnumber of girders Large Spacing Fewer girder (faster to erect) Deeper and heavier girder (can it
be transported?) Reduced redundancy Reduced redundancy Thicker slab Smaller Spacing More girder Smaller girder More redundancy (but more More redundancy (but more beams to inspect) Thinner slab
MaterialsMaterials
Steel Concrete
Cast-in-place Precast
Material choice depends on the cost of material at the bridge p gsite
Shipping cost from fabricatorsS pp g cost o ab cato s
Speed of constructionSpeed of construction
In urban areas, the construction of bridge may disrupt traffic Prefabricated/ Precast member are the only choice Substructure construction may disrupt traffic more than the
i id l superstructure erection may consider longer spans
Site RequirementSite Requirement
Is the bridge straight or curved
Precast I-Girder cannot be dcurved
Segmental prestressed can have slight curveslight curve
Cast-in-place Shipping of prefabricated Shipping of prefabricated
pieces to site
Is shi in channel re ired?Segmental pieces may
be easier to ship in Is shipping channel required? Is the temporary falsework
i d? C i b d i h
narrow urban streets
required? Can it be done with the site conditions?
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Site RequirementSite Requirement
Requirement for shipping channel leads to long span bridge
Site RequirementSite Requirement
In the Millau Aqueduct, the superstructure was completed inland and pushed into the span
Site RequirementSite Requirement AestheticsAesthetics
An ugly bridge, however safe, serviceable, and inexpensive, is not a good bridge
Long span bridge over a river can be a landmark; thus, aesthetics should be an important factor
Bridge should blend with the environmentg Smooth transition between members Avoid unnecessary decorations Avoid unnecessary decorations Bridge should have an appearance of adequate strength
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AestheticsAesthetics
Determinant of bridges appearance (in order of importance) Vertical and Horizontal geometry relative to surrounding topography
and other structures
S h i d Superstructure type: arch, girder, etc Pier placement
Ab t t l t Abutment placement Superstructure shape, parapet and railing Pier shape Pier shape Abutment shape Color surface texture ornamentations Color, surface texture, ornamentations Signing, Lighting, Lanscaping
AestheticsAesthetics
AestheticsAesthetics AestheticsAesthetics
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