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Burlington Police Department Racial Disparities in Traffic Policing
Stephanie Seguino University of Vermont
and Nancy Brooks
Cornell University
Focus of analysis
• The analysis concentrates on traffic stops and outcomes that are the result of officer discretion.
• We therefore ignore externally generated stops & arrests on a warrant.
Four indicators
1. Stop rates by race compared to racial shares of the population
2. Share of outcomes that lead to: • Ticket (versus a warning) • Arrest • Search
3. Searches that yield contraband 4. Officer disparities in stop rates
The data
• Results for 2012 - 2015 – Averages for 2012-2015. – Annual trends from 2012 to 15 – Focus on white and black outcomes.
2012-15
Whites Blacks Hispanics Asians Share of Traffic
Stops 87.2% 7.9% 0.7% 4.1%
Share of
Population 88.2% 4.5% 5.4%
Ticket rate 28.2% 35.9% 27.9% 25.9%
Warning rate 69.4% 61.6% 70.3% 72.0%
Arrest rates 1.2% 1.4% 0.8% 1.1%
Search Rate 1.1% 3.3% 5.0% 0.1%
“Hit” Rate 63.5% 46.2% 28.6% 0.0%
Blacks as share of stops and population, 2012-15
7.5% 7.3% 7.4%
9.5%
4.5% 4.5% 4.5% 4.5%
0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%
10%
2012 2013 2014 2015
Blacks as share of stops Blacks as share of population
Investigatory Stops by Race
88.2%
4.5% 5.4%
79.0%
18.8%
1.7% 0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
White Black Asian
Share of population Share of investigatory stops
Black and white ticket rates
26.4% 28.3% 28.2%
30.4%
38.1%
33.4%
29.8%
41.4%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
2012 2013 2014 2015
Whites Blacks
Black and white arrest rates
1.6%
1.1% 0.8%
1.2% 1.2%
2.0%
0.9%
2.4%
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
2012 2013 2014 2015
White Black
Black, Asian, and white search rates
0.9% 1.6%
0.7% 1.2%
2.5%
6.3%
2.5% 2.4%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
2012 2013 2014 2015
White Black Asian
Black and white “hit” rates: All outcomes
61.9% 65.1%
74.3%
55.1% 60.0%
42.9%
50.0%
36.4%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
2012 2013 2014 2015White Blacks
“Hit” rates that result in arrest or ticket (excludes warnings)
31.0%
47.6%
37.1%
44.7% 40.0%
33.3%
20.0%
27.3%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
2012 2013 2014 2015
Whites Blacks
Data Quality: Missing data (includes “unknowns”)
1.7%
4.8%
2.1%
3.3%
1.2%
1.9% 1.8%
0%1%1%2%2%3%3%4%4%5%5%
MissingAge
MissingRace
MissingSex
MissingReason
MissingResult
MissingSearch
MissingSearch
Outcome
N=1,135
Blacks as % of stops by officer, ranked high to low, 80 stops+
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77
% of stops with perceived black driver
Black share of population = 4.5%
Black Males as % of Stops by Officer, 80+
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55
% Black Males
How Does Burlington Compare? Black search rates/White search rates, 2012-15
1.5 1.6 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
4.6 5.0 5.2
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Raw Data for 2012-15
All Years White Black Asian Hispanic Tickets 5,571 671 238 47 Warnings 13,709 1,151 662 111 Arrests 235 26 10 0 Searches 189 52 1 7 Hits (searches w/contraband) & ticket or arrest 77 16 0 0 Hits (searches w/contraband) & warning, ticket, or arrest 120 24 0 2 Hit despite No Search recorded 42 1 4 0
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