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8/2/2019 Blood Lecture Images
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Why Have A Circulatory System?
Pump Pipes Liquid
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Blood = Fluid connective tissue
Formed elements in plasma.
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3 Components of Cemtrifuged Blood
Plasma
Buffy Coat
RBCs
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Blood Physical Characteristics
Color
Viscosity
Volume
Temperature
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Blood pH
pH = log (1/[H+])
7 is
>7 is
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Blood - Functions Distribution
Regulation
Protection
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Plasma
48-58%
53-63%
90%
Whats dissolved?
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2 solutions separated by a semi-permeable
barrier. Water can pass through the barrier, butred particles cannot.
Which direction will water flow?
Which side (A or B) has the higher osmoticpressure?
A B
Osmotic Pressure
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Plasma Proteins: Globulins
Transport
Metal ions
Lipids
Fat-soluble
vitamins.
Antibodies Made by plasma
cells during theimmune response.
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Resist changes in...
Why are they necessary?
Albumin
Bicarbonate (HCO3-
)
Buffers
SolutionA
SolutionB
10mL of HCl were added to A and its pH dropped by 4 units.
10mL of HCl were added to B and its pH dropped by 1 unit.
Which solution is the better buffer?
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Erythrocytes
Small (7.5um).
4-6 million per L of blood.
No nucleus and no organelles.
Biconcave disks.
Stuffed with...
Transport
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Hemoglobin2 alpha chains/2 beta chains
4 heme groups4 irons
Oxyhemoglobin
Reduced hemoglobinCarbaminohemoglobin
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Blood cell production
Where?
Hemocytoblasts.
Hemopoiesis
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Where does it occur?
Stem cell?
Metal?
Erythropoietin
Erythropoiesis
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As a hemocytoblast differentiates into an RBC:
- What must be lost?
- What must be made?
- What shape change occurs?
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Born in the
Circulates for 120d
Swallowed by a macrophage
Erythrocyte Life Cycle
M h
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Heme Globin
Hemoglobin
Macrophage
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Globin
Amino acids
Back into the plasma
for reuse/recycling
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Heme
Bilirubin Iron
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Heme
Bilirubin Iron
Carried by transferrin
to the liver
Stored in the liver as
hemosiderin or ferritin
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Heme
Bilirubin Iron
Carried byalbumin to the
liver
Secreted into the smallintestine as part of bile
Metabolized bybacteria and excreted
in feces and urine
Consider a bruise The initial color is due to blood in
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Consider a bruise. The initial color is due to blood inthe interstitial spaces.
As a bruise turns purple, green, and then yellow, whatmust be occurring?
What must be occurring as the yellow color fades away?
A l ti f bili bi th ki d
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An accumulation of bilirubin can cause the skin andsclera to take on a yellowish hue.
C b id bl k Hb bi di it f O
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1.Plasma EPO levels
2.Red blood cell count
3.Blood viscosity
4. % of blood occupied by RBCs
5.% of blood occupied by plasma
Carbon monoxide blocks Hbs binding site for O2.Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor.
Cigarette smoke contains both.
If a non-smoker began smoking a couple packs aday for a few weeks, how would this affect his:
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Leukocytes (WBCs)
The only formed elements with a
Site of leukopoiesis?
From what cell are they derived?
L k t (WBC )
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Make up
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Perform diapedesis.
Why is this necessary?
Leukocytes (WBCs)
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How does a WBC know when/where toperform diapedesis?
Chemotactants
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1. Granulocytes. Contain stained granules.
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
2. Agranulocytes.
Lack stained granules. Lymphocytes
Monocytes
2 Classes of Leukocytes (WBCs)
N t hil
http://casesblog.blogspot.com/2009/04/video-neutrophil-chasing-bacteria-set.html8/2/2019 Blood Lecture Images
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Neutrophils
60% of circ. WBCs.
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Bacteria killers.
Live up to a few days.
E i hil
http://casesblog.blogspot.com/2009/04/video-neutrophil-chasing-bacteria-set.html8/2/2019 Blood Lecture Images
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Eosinophils
3%
Kill parasitic worms.
Live about 5 days.
B hil
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Basophils
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Lymphocytes
30%
Relatively small # in blood.
Most are in lymphatic tissues.
Can live for years.
2 main types: T lymphocytes control/coordinate/kill
B lymphocytes secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)
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Monocytes
6%
Become macrophages
Can live for months.
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60%
30%
6%
3%
1%
Platelets
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Platelets Cell fragments
Hemostasis
Thrombocytes
150,000 450,000 per L
of blood
Platelets
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Platelets
Where are they produced?
From what stem cell are they derived?
Thrombopoiesis and thrombopoietin
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H t i
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Hemostasis
Set of processes that stop bleeding and promotehealing of damaged blood vessel walls.
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation
Vascular Spasm
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Vascular Spasm
In response to damage, vascular smooth muscle will
contract and this will cause: The diameter of the vessel to:
Blood flow through the vessel to:
Blood pressure within the vessel will to:
Platelet Plug Formation
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Platelet Plug Formation
Mass of platelets covers the damaged area.
Whats the point?
What replaces it?
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Platelet Plug Formation
Damage to the bloodvessel
Collagen is exposed
Platelets stick to theexposed collagen andrelease chemicals
Chemicals attractmore platelets
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C l i
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Coagulation
Clot formation
Well focus on the last steps
of coagulation:
Formation of prothrombinactivator
Formation of thrombin
Formation and cross-linking of fibrin
Making Prothrombin
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Intrinsic path Begins in response to
damage to the bloodvessel wall.
Many steps.
Disadvantage?
Advantage?
Making ProthrombinActivator
Making Prothrombin
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Extrinsic path Begins in response to
certain chemicalsreleased by damagedtissues outside thebloodstream.
Few steps
Disadvantage?
Advantage?
Making ProthrombinActivator
Making Thrombin and Fibrin
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Making Thrombin and Fibrin
Prothrombin Activator
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
Wh t d fib i d ?
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What does fibrin do?
Forms a mesh aroundthe damaged area.
Cross-links
Traps
Koagulation
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Koagulation
Clot Retraction
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Clot Retraction
Platelet contractile proteins
Squeezes serum out
Draws edges together.
Sets the stage for repair.
Fib i l i
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Fibrinolysis
When?
Tissue plasminogenactivator
Plasminogen Plasmin
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Heart attacks are often
caused by blood clotsblocking coronary bloodvessels. What could
streptokinase do to helpsomeone who is having aheart attack?
Normal Clot Growth
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Normal Clot Growth
When?
Procoagulants vs. Anticoagulants
Quick removal
Inactivation
Things that promote abnormal coagulation:
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Things that promote abnormal coagulation:
Rough blood vessel lining
Pooling of blood
Things that impair coagulation:
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Things that impair coagulation:
Mosquito saliva contains an enzyme called apyrase.Which of the following is it most likely to do?
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Which of the following is it most likely to do?
a. Inhibit fibrinolysis
b. Promote thrombin production
c. Inhibit platelet aggregationd. Promote fibrin production
Individuals with atrial fibrillation can have blood pool in their
atria. What danger could this pose?
Causes the destruction of red bone marrow. This
would cause the bodys ability to: Transport oxygen to:
Fight infection to:
Prevent blood loss to:
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