Biotechnology -Trendsin plant biotechnology Biotechnology...

KATEDRA SPECIÁLNÍ PRODUKCE ROSTLINNÉ září 2014

prof. Ing. Vladislav Čurn, Ph.D.University of South BohemiaFaculty of Agriculture, Biotechnological CentreNa Sádkách 1780, 370 05 České Budějovice, CZ

BIOTECHNOLOGY - TRENDS IN PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology - Trends in plant biotechnologyApplication of plant biotechnology in oil seed rape breeding

Biotechnology in plant breeding (in vitro techniques)

Genomics and GMO - transgenes useful for crop improving

Cultivation of GM plants/crops

BIOTECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology - “Any technique that uses living organisms(or parts of organisms) to make or modify products, to improveplants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specificuse.” All the technology connected with plant and animal life.

Biotechnology = the most innovative and fast developedscientific area.

Biotechnology is defined as the application of science andtechnology to living organisms as well as parts, productsand models thereof, to alter living or non-living materials forthe production of knowledge, goods and services.(OECD, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment)

BIOTECHNOLOGIE - SOUČASNÉ TRENDY

Biotechnology

Trends in BiotechnologyMarch 2013

~1970• gene technology, production of monoclonal antibodies...

~1980• biotechnology was established as independent scientific field• biotech production of insulin

~ 2015 • massive production of recombinant proteins• ‘omics’ technologies• metabolic engineering, production of substances for chemical

and pharmaceutical industry

• diversion from the original focus on pharmaceutical/medical application :

• new focus on bioenergy, environmental biotechnology, biosensors, food and agricultural biotechnology

„golden rice“Ingo Potrykus 1999Rachel Drake 2005

Biotechnology• traditional (conventional)

food biotech (fermentation processes, production of wine,beer, cheese and bread...)application in food and chemical industry (production offood aditives, vitamines, proteins, flavourings, amino acids,pigments, starch hydrolysates, compounds for chemical andpharmaceutical industry...)

Biotechnology• modern

manipulation with living organisms, molecular biology, recombinanttechnology...

genetic engineeringcell and tissue culturescloningbionanotechnologyomics technologies - genomics, transcriptomics,

proteomics, bioinformatics

Plant biotechnology

• plants are suitable model for biotechnolgy with manyadvantages comparing to microorganisms and animals

• plant biotechnology – not only production of GMO (biotech crops)

• many application in breeding process – plant biotechnology as important support/addition to traditional

breeding approaches– biotechnological methods and approaches became an integral part of

plant breeding

• Breeding methods:a) classical - conventional

(selection, hybridization/crossing, interspecific or intergeneric crossing, use of heterosis in plant breeding, mutant and polyploidy breeding)

b) biotechnological(plant organ and tissue cultures – in vitro techniques, recombinant DNA technology, cell and gene manipulation)

Biotechnological methods and approaches became anintegral part of plant breeding

1838/9 – cell theory – Schleiden, Schwann

1938/9 – first successful longterm cultivation of callus1954 – meristem cultures for production of virus-free plants1957 – Skoog and Miller – regeneration of shoots and roots

in in vitro cultures is dependent on AUX an KIN1970 – regeneration of tobacco plant from single somatic cell1970 – regeneration of tobacco plant from single protoplast1975 – new variety of rice and tobacco – DH technique1983 – artificial seed production1985 – new variety of wheat – DH technique

1996 – biotech crops...

Biotechnology in Plant Breeding and Crop Protection, X./2015

Plant organ and tissue cultures and its utilization in plant breeding

Main areas / types of cultures applied in plant breedingCrop Technique

Potatoes, garlic, strawberries, horticulture plants Production of virus free plantsWheat, barley, maize, oil seed rape, brassica vegetables, carrot, pepper Androgenesis

Potatoes, leguminous plants, fruit trees Micropropagation

Wheat, barely, leguminous plants, grasses Embryocultures - interspecific and intergeneric breeding

Onion, sugar beet Gynogenesis

Potatoes, grasses Polyploidisation in vitro

Potatoes, oil seed rape Somatic hybridisation

Potatoes, pea In vitro selection of disease resistant plants

Plant biotechnology

• application areas in plant breeding and benefits ofbiotechnological approaches:– production of new varieties and crops (overcoming of

breeding barriers using embryo cultures)– acceleration of breeding process– production of highly homozygous varieties

(production of haploids/doubled haploid lines)– elimination of viruses and production of virus-free

plants– fast propogation of plant material (micropropagation

in vitro)

Plant biotechnology

– long term conservation of genetic resources– source of new variation, somaclonal variation,

selection and mutatuion in vitro– production of plant secondary metabolites– new methods of selection – genotypic selection,

MAS– production of novel plants/plants with newly

introduced genes

Plant biotechnology

• new areas of application:– cisgenic plants (cisgenesis)– GM rootstock– molecular pharming (biopharmaceuticals, plant-

made pharmaceuticals)

BIOTECHNOLOGIE - SOUČASNÉ TRENDY

KATEDRA SPECIÁLNÍ PRODUKCE ROSTLINNÉ září 2014

APPLICATION OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY IN OIL SEED RAPE BREEDING

prof. Ing. Vladislav Čurn, Ph.D.University of South BohemiaFaculty of Agriculture, Biotechnological CentreNa Sádkách 1780, 370 05 České Budějovice, CZ

Friedt, 2013

APPLICATION OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLGYIN OIL SEED RAPE BREEDING

Genetic research:• genome and transcriptome sequencing

Bancroft, 2014

Genetic research:• genetic mapping, QTL identification

Friedt, 2013

Genetic research:• genetic mapping, QTL identification

potential markers for breeding

Friedt, 2013

Genetic research:• TILLING

Genetic research:• application of molecular markers in selection

Desired trait Marker typeGenetic distance SSR, SNP, DArTMSL – detection of sterile/fertile plants

InDel, SNP, SSR

Ogu – detection of fertility restorers

SNP, InDel, SSR

Dwarf morphotype SNPMK – HiOl/LowLi SNPResistance – Phoma SSR, InDelResistance – Plasmodiophora SSRClearfield HT SNP

Genetic research:• biotechnology – production of double

haploids and resynthetised genotypes

Induction of haploid regeneration – androgenesis in vitro

Androgenesis in B. napus – regeneration of haploid embryos from in microspore culture and production of fertile DH plants

polyploidization of haploid embryos during in vitro cultivation

sterile haploid plant

Induction of haploid regeneration – androgenesis in vitro

Protoplast fusion as technique for overcoming breeding barriers and production somatic hybrids (B. rapa x B. oleracea – resynthesis of oil seed rape)

Protoplast fusion

Embryo rescue and cultivation of immaturezygotic embroys after interspecific orintergeneric crossingB. rapa x B. oleracea

Embryo cultures and protoplast fusion

B. rapa B. napus B. oleracea

Genetic research:• hexaploid rape

Producing inter-specific hybrids between Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss and B. oleracea (L.) to synthesize trigenomic (ABC) Brassica

Successful induction of trigenomic hexaploids from triploid hybrid of Brassica napusL. and B. nigra (L.) Koch

Breeding “Super Brassica” cultivars at hexaploid level

Hybrid rape breeding:

Biotechnology -Trendsin plant biotechnology Biotechnology...

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