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Biomethane as a road transport fuelIntroduction
• What is it?
• How do we make it?
• How do we store and dispense it into
vehicles?
• Vehicle technology
• Biomethane vehicle emissions
• Vehicle availability
• Camden biomethane trial
• Vehicles in the UK
• Cenex biomethane toolkit and calculator
capabilities
• EU and UK legislation and incentives
Biomethane as a road transport fuelDefinition & terminology
• Biomethane – is upgraded biogas. the upgrade process removes the contaminants and the majority of the carbon dioxide removed. Biomethane is typically 97% methane, 2% carbon dioxide and 1% oxygen
• Natural gas – is used to describe a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but including significant quantities of ethane, propane, butane, and pentane
CH4 CO2
C3H8
CH4
• Petroleum gas (LPG) - is used to describe a gas produced when refining petroleum, typically supplied as a variable mix of propane and butane.
• Biogas - is used to describe the gas made in anaerobic digesters or land fill sites typically 65% methane and 35% carbon dioxide, with contaminants in the form of water, hydrogen sulphide and siloxanes
-Sewage-Manure -Slurry-Food waste -Slaughter house waste -Organic fraction on municipal solid waste (OFMSW)-Green waste -Energy crops
Biomethane as a road transport fuelAnaerobic digestion process
• Conversion of organic matter to methane and CO2
Photos courtesy of Monsal
Delivery
Pre-processing
• Biogas from AD contains ~60% methane and 40% CO2 plus N, O2, CO, Moisture and contaminants of H2S & Siloxanes
• Biomethane typically > 96% methane
Also,
• Pressure swing adsorption
• Cryogenic separation
Biomethane as a road transport fuelBiogas upgrading
• Station types
• Compressed gas (CNG, CBM)
Fast fill: Refilling station has a large compressor and storage tanks to hold pre-compressed gas at rising pressures (storage cascades)
Slow fill: Overnight fill station compressing gas directly into vehicle tanks
• Liquefied gas (LNG, LBM)Refilling station holds liquefied gas in a cryogenic container, Liquid is passed to a similar container on the vehicle
• Liquefied and Compressed gas (LCNG or LCBM)Liquefied gas is stored as above, the station can also deliver compressed gas by gasifying the liquid and capturing boil off
Biomethane as a road transport fuelBiomethane storage and dispensing
Light duty
applications
Heavy duty
applications
Heavy duty
applications
Current use of technologies by vehicle type
• Dedicated engineSI engine optimised for running on gas. Low noise, low air quality emissions, limited to SI combustion efficiency.
• Dual fuel CI engine, vehicle modified to operate on a mixture of gas and diesel. Up to ~ 80% gas substitution achievable. Maintains CI efficiency and ability to operate on diesel fuel. Available as retrofit. Limited CO2 and noise benefit.
• Bi-fuel engineSI engine modified to operated on gas but maintains the ability to run on petrol as a back-up fuelling system
Biomethane as a road transport fuelVehicle technologies
• TTW (Tank-to-wheel) considers tail pipe emissions from vehicles
• WTW (Well-to-wheel) considers emissions associated with fuel extraction, processing, delivery and dispensing
Emission data from CONCAWE, Gasrec analysis from CENEX Camden biomethane study
Biomethane as a road transport fuelCarbon emissions
Biomethane as a road transport fuelAir quality and noise emissions
70dB(A) Vacuum cleaner 60dB(A) Dishwasher50dB(A) Gentle rainfall
• Light duty
• Medium duty
• Heavy duty
• Buses
Biomethane as a road transport fuelEU Vehicle availability
Vehicle Example Technology
Price premium
Cars None - -
Vans Iveco DailyMercedes Sprinter
Bi fuel Dedicated
£5000
HGVs Mercedes Econic 18-26tIveco Eurotech 18-26t
Dedicated £21000 - £23000
HGVs Hardstaff (OIGI) - Volvo/DAF/MB/CAT/DEClean Air Power (Genesis)
Dual fuel £20000 - £25000
Buses 2009 Optare solo Dual fuel £13000 - £18000
Biomethane as a road transport fuelUK Vehicle availability and cost
• Low carbon fuel
• Air quality benefits
• Vehicle noise reduction
• Reduces waste to landfill
• Reduces cost? • dependent on application (annual mileage and mpg)
• cost of biomethane vs diesel• asset life
Biomethane as a road transport fuelSummary
• Performance
•Sustainability
• Reliability
CNG Daily CBG Daily
Trial mileage
86 km / day(9642 km total)
53 km / day(5590 km total)
Fuel consumption
26.3 kg / 100km
24.7 kg / 100km
Biomethane as a road transport fuelPerformance and reliability
• Performance
•Sustainability
• Reliability
Emissions kgCO2/MJ
Emissions Kg CO2 / kg fuel used
WTWkg CO2 / 100 km
CBG 0.031 1.40 34.5
CNG 0.062 2.80 76.0
G25 CNGHD g/kwhr
Euro VI % reduction
CO 1.15 4 62%
NMHC 0.019 0.16 88%
CH4 0.193 0.5 61%
NOx 0.28 0.4 30%
HC 0.199
PM 0.0047 0.01 53%
Air quality emissions
Carbon dioxide emissions
Biomethane as a road transport fuelSustainability
• Performance
•Sustainability
• Reliability
• BM CO2 saving 56% WTW over CNG
• Engine wear and contaminants within normal levels except 2% WC• Reduction in PM and NOx of 30% and 53% against Euro VI legislation• New Iveco Daily displayed 6% improvement in fuel consumption
Biomethane as a road transport fuelConclusions
• Calculate methane yields from a given type and quantity of feedstock from anaerobic digestion plants
• Calculate the heat, power and revenues available from CHP systems
• Calculate biomethane available for use as a vehicle fuel accounting for parasitic energy demands of the anaerobic digester and upgrading and compression facilities
• Calculate biomethane required to power transportation fleets (dedicated or dual fuel technologies)
• Compare environmental and cost implications of running a fleet on biomethane compared with fossil diesel or petrol
Detailed business case. Omits capital and maintenance cost for plant operation and any income generated from landfill tax avoidance
Biomethane as a road transport fuelCalculator
Allows initial bespoke analysis of AD facility capacity and feedstock required to fuel a transport fleet on biomethane, outputs environmental and cost benefit information
• EU Biofuels Directive - 5.75% by energy content for 2010• The Renewable Energy Directive – 10% bio-fuel content by 2020• European Emissions Trading Scheme – include surface transport post 2012• EU Landfill Directive – sets landfill reduction target across member states• Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation 2008 (RTFO)
3.25 % Biofuels April 2010 (Sustainability criteria apply) ~ 9 p/kg
•Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (LATS)Cap and trade system, buy out price £150/tonne
• Fuel Duty – 19.2 p/kg biomethane vs 54.2p/litre (45.2p/kg) for diesel • Bus Service Operators Grant (BSOG) – 6p/km
Biomethane as a road transport fuelPolicy drivers and market instruments
• European legislation
• UK Legislation and incentives
• Other fiscal incentives• The competition• Biogas can be used to generate electricity – 2 x ROCs = ~10p/kWhe• Renewable Heat Incentive due 2011 (consultation) = ~ £2.25 per therm ~ £7.7p/kWh
Biomethane as a road transport fuelInformation available from Cenex
• Camden biomethane trial report• www.cenex.co.uk Projects - Biomethane Vehicle Trial
• Feasibility study for the installation of a regional AD facility producing biomethane as a road transport fuel
• www.cenex.co.uk Consultancy – Regional Anaerobic Digestion Facility
• Cenex biomethane toolkit and calculator
• www.cenex.co.uk Enquiry form• Request your free copy
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