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Introduction to BIM – What it is, what it is not A Selection of Common Applications:
Energy Simulation Collision Control BIM for FM
Benefits & Consequences of working in a BIM mode
Research in BIM
Contents
BIM Revit (or any other proprietary tool)
Introduction to BIM – What it is, what it is not
BIM = Building Information Model (A virtual model of a facility)
BIM = Building Information Modelling (Process of creating or using BIM data)
BIM = Building Information Management (Managing the DCO digital asset)
x
BIM is a workflow method using particular computer tools to achieve certain outcomes. – McPhee, A.
BIM is the life-cycle management of the built environment supported
by digital technology. – Cholakis, P.
The basis for BIM are: Objects (parametric) Object properties or property sets Relationships & structure of information in a database
BIM – Other Attributes
BIM – A Definition v2.0 (Hooper, 2010)
Building
As in: • A man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy; • The act or art of construction
Information Modelling Closely related to notions of: • Constaints • Communication • Control • Data • Form • Instruction • Knowledge / understanding • Meaning • Pattern • Perception • Representation
Through virtual representation by: • Simulating an abstract model of a particular system; • Virtual prototyping; • A 3D polygonal representation of an object; • An unambiguous representations of the solid parts of an object; • A description of database structure • A description of a system in terms of its constituent parts and mechanisms
Creating: • A basis for DCO collaboration • A central database about a built asset project into a single rich model
Enabling: • Optimised design solutions • Study of theoretical scenarios • Elimination of collisions • Accurate costing • Study of constructability • Planning of facility futures
~
+
+
Maintenance Scheduling
Building System Analysis
Asset Management
Space Management / Tracking
Disaster Planning
Record Modelling
Site Utilization Planning
Construction System Design
Digital Fabrication
3D Control and Planning
3D Design Coordination
Design Authoring
Energy Analysis
Structural Analysis
Lighting Analysis Mechanical Analysis
Fire Analysis
Acoustic Analysis
Sustainability Evaluation
Code Validation
Programming
Site Analysis
Design Reviews
Phase Planning (4D Modelling)
Cost Estimation Existing Conditions Modelling
BIM-Uses v1.0 (Hooper, 2011)
BIM Enables...
...to be automated
Application of BIM Uses through DCO Lifecycle v1.0 (Hooper, 2010)
Scheme Design
Design Development
Contract Documents Construction
Operations / FM Disposal
A
Building System Analysis 3d Design
Coordination Design Authoring Energy Analysis
Structural Analsis Lighting Analysis
Mechanical Analysis Code Validation Design Reviews Cost Estimation
Delivery of BIM as complete virtual
construction. 3d Design
Coordination Digital Fabrication
Cost Estimation
Site Utilization Planning
Record Modelling Construction
System Design Digital Fabrication
Purchasing Material & Labour
Tracking Programming Cost Control
Maintenance Scheduling
Space Management /
Tracking Disaster
Management Asset
Management
Hazardous material scheduling
Recycling / re-use material & equipment scheduling
Cost Estimation Material & Labour
Tracking
Space Management / Tracking
Design Reviews Site Analysis
Cost Estimation Existing Conditions
Modelling Code Validation
3d Design Coordination
Design Authoring
1 2 3 4 5 6
BIM Processes Through Project Stages
BIM Uses, Applications or Activities
Maintenance Scheduling
Building System Analysis
Asset Management
Space Management / Tracking
Disaster Planning
Record Modelling
Site Utilization Planning
Construction System Design
Digital Fabrication
3D Control and Planning
3D Design Coordination
Design Authoring
Structural Analysis
Lighting Analysis Mechanical Analysis
Fire Analysis
Acoustic Analysis
Sustainability Evaluation
Code Validation
Programming
Site Analysis
Design Reviews
Phase Planning
Cost Estimation Existing Conditions Modelling
Energy Analysis
BIM-Uses v1.0 (Hooper, 2011)
BIM Application #1: Energy Simulation
Importance of energy simulation Historical methods Today’s digital method(s) When to do energy simulations Sample simulation results
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
Importance of Energy Simulation today EU directives to reduce effects of global warming. National initiatives to increase awareness of energy use. Requirements for energy declarations for all new and exchanged
properties. Client demand for greater knowledge about the running costs of the
new asset. Rising energy costs. Simulation tools can be deloyed in
a way that they can be used to inform design decisions and add value to the project.
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
• Energy calculations had to be done manually:
By measuring… and calculating…
• Many errors occurred resulting in data mistrust. • Calculations where done to check the solution rather than design.
Historically
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
Energy calculations are largely an automated process using intelligent virtual representations (models).
Model authoring tool (Revit)… to simulation tool (GBS)…
No loss of data integrity. User friendly workflow enabling design iterations.
Today
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
• Consultants may carry out energy simulations for a given project 3 times – with increasing level of detail and accuracy.
When to do Energy Simulations
+ Efficiency
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+ -
Design Development Scheme Design Construction Documents + + + + + +
Spac
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Digi
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Disa
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Desig
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Site
Ana
lysis
Site
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Plan
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Ener
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BIM-Uses in Context v1.0 (Hooper, 2011)
Time
Reco
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odel
Cost
Est
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Exist
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Cond
ition
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Asse
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Desig
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view
Desig
n Re
view
Desig
n Re
view
Code
Val
idat
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Stru
ctur
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naly
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Desig
n Au
thor
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Ener
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Phas
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
Ener
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+ De
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Coor
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(10 options) (optimisation of final solution) (3 options)
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
Link to: Kamakura House - Green
Building Studio Energy and Carbon Results
Green Building Studio Energy and Carbon Results
This aspect of BIM is about leveraging information from digital simulations (design alternatives) to ensure the best decisions are made early on in the process.
Such decisions effect the facilities entire lifecycle.
BIM Applications
Maintenance Scheduling
Building System Analysis
Asset Management
Space Management / Tracking
Disaster Planning
Record Modelling
Site Utilization Planning
Construction System Design
Digital Fabrication
3D Control and Planning
3D Design Coordination
Design Authoring
Structural Analysis
Lighting Analysis Mechanical Analysis
Fire Analysis
Acoustic Analysis
Sustainability Evaluation
Code Validation
Programming
Site Analysis
Design Reviews
Phase Planning
Cost Estimation Existing Conditions Modelling
Energy Analysis
BIM-Uses v1.0 (Hooper, 2011)
Historical methods of design coordination Typical traditional coordination errors Collision Control: What, Why, When, Who? Benefits Difficulties
BIM Application #2: Collision Control
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
Light tables:
Draftsmen would overlay 2D drawings to check / attempt to coordinate the design manually….
Many errors were not discovered until it was too late!
Historically
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
2D cad drawings:
Consultants would overlay 2D CAD drawings to check / attempt to coordinate the design manually….
Many errors were not discovered until it was too late!
Historically
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
Typical Traditional Coordination Errors Clashing of service ducts & steelwork / concrete elements. Need to core-drill holes in concrete or steel. Clashing of positioning of equipment. Tolerances too tight to install / maintain / replace.
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
Collision Control is a term adopted by the AEC industry to describe the process of checking for object spatial overlaps & tolerances within object-orientated building models (BIM’s).
Other terms include:
3D Design Coordination. Clash Detection. Tolerance Checking. Interference Check.
Tools to automate this task or process grew out of a need for better coordination and fewer design errors.
What?
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
Today where projects are designed using 3D object-orientated models (BIM) Collision Control is carried out as a quality control routine.
Consultants must provide a coordinated design solution that works
– ie that everything can fit together. Architects & Engineers must exercise due diligence when delivering
their design solution, Collision Control is one area where this can be demonstrated.
Collision Control amongst other BIM processes is an automated
action that can be deployed to validate the design.
Why?
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
Other reasons:
The need to reduce design (co-ordination) defects.
Collision control saves time - before it's too late.
Buildings are getting more and more complicated – the only way forward is automation.
Considered as one of the ’low hanging fruit’
Why?
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
Contractual obligations? Typically consultants may upload discipline models to project server
weekly for design coordination purposes.
When?
+ Efficiency
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+ -
Design Development Scheme Design + + + + + +
Spac
e M
anag
emen
t
Phas
e Pl
anni
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Digi
tal F
abric
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Disa
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Pla
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Prog
ram
min
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Desi
gn C
oord
inat
ion
Site
Ana
lysis
Site
Util
ilisa
tion
Plan
ning
Ener
gy A
naly
sis
BIM-Uses in Context v1.0 (Hooper, 2011)
Time
Reco
rd M
odel
Cost
Est
imat
ion
Exist
ing
Cond
ition
s
Asse
t Man
agem
ent
Desig
n Re
view
Desig
n Re
view
Desig
n Re
view
Code
Val
idat
ion
Stru
ctur
al A
naly
sis
Desig
n Au
thor
ing
Ener
gy A
naly
sis
Phas
e Pl
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
Ener
gy A
naly
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+ De
sign
Coo
rdin
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n
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+
+
Construction Documents
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
• All design authors, typically:
• Architect • Structural Engineer • MEP Engineer
Without the full team contributing to a coordinated model the exercise is rather pointless!
• And once the design has matured:
• Specialist design elements (eg. special glazing) • Major component suppliers (eg. precast concrete)
Who?
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
Fully coordinated BIM virtual models provide significant benefits, including: Improved coordination with fewer errors Increased speed of delivery Decreased costs Fewer change orders Greater productivity Higher quality work
Benefits of Automated Collision Control
Lund University - Energy Simulation with Green Building Studio
Typical Difficulties with 3D Coordination Lack of a common understanding of what each discipline should deliver
for collision control: content & level of detail.
Buy-in & time commitment in the early stages often present difficulties and frustration, suggesting a resistance to change or flawed time planning.
Difficulties exist for team members to arrive at the same place at the same time with regards BIM-Content quality and completeness.
Quality Control and validation of delivered BIM-Info is often left to the receiver to sort out - leading to down time for file clean-ups, deletion of duplicate objects etc.
Where duplicate objects occur (eg. loadbearing walls) a common method of tracking and accepting needs to be established.
Prerequisites to discipline BIM Authoring: Cross team ‘buy-in’ to process and deliverables. Agree and log object responsibility. Agree discipline object tolerances / clearances Agree cross discipline object tolerances / clearances. Agree management procedure for duplicate objects. Establish change control procedure. Set agree discipline BIM-Info Quality Control expectations.
Planning 3D Coordination
BIM Applications
Maintenance Scheduling
Building System Analysis
Asset Management
Space Management / Tracking
Disaster Planning
Record Modelling
Site Utilization Planning
Construction System Design
Digital Fabrication 3D Control and Planning
3D Design Coordination
Design Authoring
Structural Analysis
Lighting Analysis Mechanical Analysis
Fire Analysis
Acoustic Analysis
Sustainability Evaluation
Code Validation
Programming
Site Analysis
Design Reviews
Phase Planning
Cost Estimation Existing Conditions Modelling
Energy Analysis
BIM-Uses v1.0 (Hooper, 2011)
BIM Application #3: BIM for Facilities Management
Space management:
Leveraging space inventories, occupancy data to improve occupancy rates and space utilization.
Strategic Planning:
Enabling analysis and alignment of facilities plans with business operations through scenario simulation and future-needs space forecasting.
Asset Management:
Allowing tracking of furniture, equipment, computers, life safety systems, artwork and any other physical asset using unique identifiers RFID tags.
Maintenance Management:
Linked as-built model to planned maintenance regimes through a web service. Job descriptions and specifications can be extracted together with model views which can be mailed directly to maintenance contractors.
BIM for FM - Drivers
Around the world government clients are increasingly mandating BIM on state construction projects.
Why?
To drive increased productivity and operational efficiency in the construction industry including in the facilities management domain.
To leverage the value of digital asset information.
Demand for delivery of specific strategic asset information to be represented in a structured, open format.
Push & Pull of BIM Implementation – UK Model v1.0 (Hooper, 2010)
+ Government Mandate: Government client to issue specific and consistant information delivery demands.
PULL PUSH
+ Supply-chain: Industry supply-chain to enable all players to reach minimum BIM maturity.
The BIM Train
BIM for FM - Drivers “Government as a client can derive significant improvements in cost, value and carbon performance through the use of open sharable asset information”.[1]
The FM data they wish to capture be:
Valuable Understandable General Non-proprietary Competitive Open Verifiable Compliant
[1] UK Government Cabinet Office (2011), The UK Government Construction Strategy, London: The Cabinet Office.
BIM for FM: BIM-Info Delivery & Uses v1.0 (Hooper, 2013)
Facilities Management Output / Activities
Space management Strategic planning Asset management Maintenance management
MVD / COBie Content Merge / Filter
Tenant / Occupant Interface
Validation
Supply Chain BIM Input / Bi-product of Design & Construction Output
Sender: Quality Controlled Receiver: System-Ready BIM-Info
Arch Struct MEP
Contractors
Suppliers
O&M Contractors Interface
FM Tool
BIM for FM: BIM-Info Delivery & Uses
O&M: The Hidden Planet v1.0 (Hooper, 2013)
Operation &
Maintenance Construction Design
Lifecycle View Year 1 Year X
FM Handover
MVD
COBie
COBie
Benefits of working in a BIM Mode
Client / Owner:
Higher quality to lower cost More efficient methods of managing requirements Flexible and more efficient processes Time analysis and construction sequence optimisation Better control of quantitative goals (costs, energy use, lifecycle costs) Cumulative data direct to facility administrators
Benefits of working in a BIM Mode
Design Consultants:
Means to efficient communication – eg. aligning client requirements Automatic checking – eg. meeting quality and cost objectives. More efficient means of communication and coordination with other
disciplines. nD analysis and optimisation from client key requirements, lifecycle
perspective and sustainable development. Simpler management of alternative solutions and efficient
evaluation of options. More effective knowledge & information re-use. More effective document management. Simulation of technical systems, better validation for design. New business opportunities through leveraging the data asset.
Contractors:
Greater certainty in interpretation of design and contractual requirements.
More detailed and correctly specified design leading to:
Fewer changes through construction. Efficient logistics. Efficient construction planning and operations. New possibilities with prefabrication of components. New collaboration possibilities with fabricators & suppliers.
New business opportunities and internal value – eg collaboration with client, design consultants and facility managers.
Possibility to extract data directly for FM.
Benefits of working in a BIM Mode
Consequences of BIM Integration of the construction industry – working culture,
attitudes and mindsets. Hard specification of design and design decisions made earlier. New business opportunities – collaboration extents, new services.
based on processes. Improved cooperation and increased collaboration possibilities. Reduced need of documentation. Need for BIM-Standards and guidance.
BIM Research Front
Key areas:
1: Adoption
(Inc. technology, people & process)
5: Business Benefits
BIM Scientific Articles
BIM Research front– Key Development Areas v1.0 (Hooper, 2012)
7: Integrated Digital Design Solutions
(IDDS)
8: Collaboration Hub
BIM Server
3: New roles &
responsibilities
6: Applications
3D / 4D / 5D / 6D / nD
2: buildingSmart
(IFC / IFD/ IDM / MVD)
4: Contracts /
Procurement / Collaboration
National Guidelines for BIM Development of Classification for BIM Co-ordination of information structure for BIM & GIS Delivery Specification with property set (validation) Format standards & their application Development & combination of IFC & LandXML Development & Application of BCF Concepts for digital info management in Standard Agreements (Inc. LOD) Development of concepts for digitial information management in
standard forms of agreement – AB04, ABT06, ABK09 & ABM 07. Public Procurement with requirements for BIM deliverables.
Current Research in BIM – A Focus on Standardisation Needs:
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