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Battery Selection
To date, no single battery chemistry is perfect
There are no “good” or “bad” batteries, just different
Pick the application, then pick the battery technology
Multiple application system may utilize multiple battery types (i.e. Hybrid systems)
XTREME POWER CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
Specific Energy
SpecificPower
Safety
Performance
Life Span
Price
LMO
LFP
NMC
LTO
NaNiCl
PbA
Battery Evaluation
Every battery will be defined by its key parameters and specifications.
While there might be hundreds of battery characteristics, there are a handful of important characteristics that define compatibility of the battery to a particular application.
XP utilizes 20 evaluation criteria (10 technical, 10 commercial) with the following being key metrics: Price Safety C-Rate Cycle Life (energy throughput)
XTREME POWER CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
Battery Types for ESS
XTREME POWER CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
Technology Type Price Cycle Life C-Rate Example Manufacturers
Lead Acid VRLA (Valve regulated lead acid) $ * **
EnerSys, BSB, Shin Kobe, Exide, East Penn
Flooded lead acid $ * ** EnerSys, Exide, East Penn
PbC (Lead carbon) $$ ** ** Axion, Firefly
Lith
ium
Ion
LTO (Lithium titanate) $$$$$$ ***** *** Toshiba, Microvast, Altar Nano
LMO (Lithium manganese oxide) $$$ *** ** Samsung SDI, Sanyo, Hitachi, 4R, Actacell, Panasonic
NCA (Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide) $$$$ ** ***
Saft, Panasonic, JCI
NMC (Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide) $$$$ *** **
Dow Kokam, EnerDel, LG Chem, Sanyo, SK
LFP (Lithium iron phosphate) $$$$ **** ** CALB, A123, Valence, Saft, BYD Bren-tronics
LCO (Lithium cobalt oxide) $$$ * ** GS Yuasa
Sodi
um Na Ion $ *** * Aquion
NaNiCl2 (Sodium nickel chloride) $$$$ *** * GE, Fiamm
NaS (Sodium sulphur) $$$ *** * NGK
Flow
ZnBr (Zinc bromine) ? *** * Redflow
ICB (Iron chromium) ? *** * EnerVault
VRB (Vanadium redox) ? *** * Prudent Energy
Multiple Battery Technologies are Required to Meet Today’s Diverse Energy Needs
Application Chart
Storage Time
Pow
er
Short-term Power Adv. Lead Acid
Balance Power & Energy Lithium Manganate
Long-term Energy Sodium, Flow
Short-term Power Lithium Titanate
Renewable Time Shifting
/ Arbitrage
Wind Curtailment Reduction
Peak Shaving
Voltage Support
Power Quality
Renewable Ramping
Renewable Smoothing
Renewable Capacity Firming
Spinning Reserve
Congestion Relief
T&D Asset Deferral
Load Following
Frequency Regulation
Reliability
Capacity/ Reserve Capacity
March 24, 2014 Xtreme Power Confidential Information © 2008 - 2014 All Rights Reserved 5
Application Example
• PJM Fast Frequency Regulation Service (FRRS) – Power-centric application
• high power • lower energy requirement
– Partial state-of-charge operation required
LTO (Lithium Titanate Oxide)
3/24/2014 6 Xtreme Power Confidential Information © 2008 - 2014 All Rights Reserved
Power Conversion Considerations
• High fault energy – protection considerations
• Possible wide DC link operating voltage range
• Special pre-charge functions • DC link power quality • Robust PLL • Other advanced functionality
3/24/2014 7 Xtreme Power Confidential Information © 2008 - 2014 All Rights Reserved
Power Conversion Topologies for BESS
• Single stage converters – Limited DCV range – Minimized hardware costs and losses
3/24/2014 8 Xtreme Power Confidential Information © 2008 - 2014 All Rights Reserved
Power Conversion Topologies for BESS
• Multi-stage converters – Increased losses and hardware costs – Increased DC voltage range
3/24/2014 9 Xtreme Power Confidential Information © 2008 - 2014 All Rights Reserved
Power Conversion Topologies for BESS
• Advanced topologies – Multi-port
• Support for multiple DC sources
– Z-inverter • Functions as both current source and voltage source
converter
– Multi-level inverters • Higher DC / AC ratings
3/24/2014 10 Xtreme Power Confidential Information © 2008 - 2014 All Rights Reserved
Power Conversion Topologies for BESS
• Multiple modules – Most IGBTs limited to 1,000A – Multiple modules to achieve higher power
ratings – Some paralleling concerns: cascading failures,
resonance, current balancing
3/24/2014 11 Xtreme Power Confidential Information © 2008 - 2014 All Rights Reserved
Power Conversion Functionality for BESS
• Functions and applications – Frequency response – Remote dispatch – Constant DCI / DCV control – Low voltage ride-through / VAR injection – Frequency ride-through – Seamless transfer / islanding mode – Independent phase control
3/24/2014 12 Xtreme Power Confidential Information © 2008 - 2014 All Rights Reserved
Application Examples
• Ramp Rate Control
3/24/2014 13 Xtreme Power Confidential Information © 2008 - 2014 All Rights Reserved
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