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Bata Shoes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bata
Type Private company
Industry Retail and Manufacturing
Founded Zlín, Czech Republic (1894)
Founder(s) Tomáš Baťa
Headquarter
s
Lausanne, Switzerland
Area served Worldwide
Products Footwear, Clothing and Fashi
on accessory
Owner(s) Bata Family
Website www.bata.com
Bata (also known as Bata Shoe Organization) is a family-owned
global footwear and fashion accessory manufacturer and retailer with acting
headquarters located in Lausanne, Switzerland. Organised into three business units:
Bata Europe, based in Italy; Bata Emerging Market (Asia, Pacific, Africa and Latin
America), based in Singapore, and Bata Protective (worldwide B2B operations),
based in the Netherlands, the organization has a retail presence in over 70 countries
and production facilities in 26 countries. In its history the Bata has sold more than
14 billion pairs of shoes and was awarded the Guinness World Record as the
"Largest Shoe Retailer and Manufacturer".
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins and history
o 1.1 Foundation
o 1.2 World War I
o 1.3 Shoemaker to the world
o 1.4 International growth
o 1.5 Jan Antonín Baťa
o 1.6 Bata-villes
o 1.7 World War II
o 1.8 After war
o 1.9 Czechoslovakia after 1989
o 1.10 Present
2 Bata brands
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
[edit]Origins and history
[edit]Foundation
The company was founded under the name A. Baťa in 1894 in Zlín (then Austro-
Hungarian Empire, today the Czech Republic) by Tomáš Baťa (Czech
pronunciation: [ˈtomaːʃ ˈbaca]), his brother Antonín and his sister Anna, whose
family had been cobblers for generations. The company employed 10 full-time
employees with a fixed work schedule and a regular weekly wage, a rare find in its
time.
In the summer of 1895, Tomáš found himself facing financial difficulties, and
debts abounded. To overcome these serious setbacks, Tomáš decided to sew shoes
from canvas instead of leather. This type of shoe became very popular and helped
the company grow to 50 employees. Four years later, Bata installed its first steam-
driven machines, beginning a period of rapid modernization. In 1904 Tomáš Baťa
introduced mechanized production techniques that allowed the Bata Shoe
Company to become one of the first mass producers of shoes in Europe. Its first
mass product, the “Batovky,” was a leather and textile shoe for working people
that was notable for its simplicity, style, light weight and affordable price. Its
success helped fuel the company’s growth and, by 1912, Bata was employing 600
full-time workers, plus another several hundred who worked out of their homes in
neighboring villages.
[edit]World War I
In 1914, with the outbreak of World War I, the company had a significant
development due to military orders. From 1914 to 1918 the number of Baťa’s
employees increased ten times. The company opened its own stores
in Zlín, Prague, Liberec, Vienna and Pilsen, among other towns.
In the global economic slump that followed World War I, the newly created
country of Czechoslovakia was particularly hard hit. With its currency devalued by
75%, demand for products dropped, production was cut back, and unemployment
was at an all-time high. Tomas Bata responded to the crisis by cutting the price of
Bata shoes in half. The company’s workers agreed to a temporary 40 percent
reduction in wages; in turn, Bata provided food, clothing, and other necessities at
half-price. He also introduced one of the firstprofit sharing initiative transforming
all employees into associates with a shared interest in the company's success
(today's equivalent of performance based incentives and stock options).
[edit]Shoemaker to the world
Consumer response to the price drop was dramatic. While most competitors were
forced to close due to the crisis in demand between 1923 and 1925, Bata was
expanding as demand for the inexpensive shoes grew rapidly. The Bata Shoe
Company increased production and hired more workers. Zlin became a veritable
factory town, a "Bataville" covering several acres. On the site were grouped
tanneries, a brickyard, a chemical factory, a mechanical equipment plant and repair
shop, workshops for the production of rubber, a paper pulp and cardboard factory
(for production of packaging), a fabric factory (for lining for shoes and socks), a
shoe-shine factory, a power plant and a farming actvities to cover both food and
energy needs... Horizontal and vertical integration. Workers, "Batamen", and their
families had at their disposal all the necessary everyday life services: housing,
shops, schools, hospital, etc.
[edit]International growth
Lockheed 10 Electra executive aircraft operated prewar by Bata in Europe
Bata also began to build towns and factories outside of Czechoslovakia (Poland,
Latvia, Romania, Switzerland, France) and to diversify into such industries as
tanning (1915), the energy industry (1917), agriculture (1917), forest farming
(1918), newspaper publishing (1918), brick manufacturing (1918), wood
processing (1919), the rubber industry (1923), the construction industry (1924),
railway and air transport (1924), book publishing (1926), the film industry (1927),
food processing (1927), chemical production (1928), tyre manufacturing (1930),
insurance (1930), textile production (1931), motor transport (1930), sea transport
(1932), and coal mining (1932). Airplane manufacturing (1934), synthetic fibre
production (1935), and river transport (1938). In 1923 the company boasted 112
branches.
In 1924 Tomáš Baťa displayed his business acumen by figuring out how much
turnover he needed to make with his annual plan, weekly plans and daily plans.
Baťa utilized four types of wages – fixed rate, individual order based rate,
collective task rate and profit contribution rate. He also set what became known as
Baťa prices – numbers ending with a nine rather than with a whole number. His
business skyrocketed. Soon Baťa found himself the fourth richest person in
Czechoslovakia. From 1926 to 1928 the business blossomed as productivity rose
75 percent and the number of employees increased by 35 percent. In 1927
production lines were installed, and the company had its own hospital. By the end
of 1928, the company’s head factory was composed of 30 buildings. Then the
entrepreneur created educational organizations such as the Baťa School of Work
and introduced the five-day work week. In 1930 he established a stunning shoe
museum that maps shoe production from the earliest times to the contemporary age
throughout the world. By 1931 there were factories in Germany, England, the
Netherlands, Poland and in other countries.
In 1932, at the age of 56, Tomáš Baťa died in a plane crash during take off under
bad weather conditions at Zlín Airport. Control of the company was passed to his
half-brother, Jan, and his son, Thomas John Bata, who would go on to lead the
company for much of the twentieth century guided by their father’s moral
testament: the Bata Shoe company was to be treated not as a source of private
wealth, but as a public trust, a means of improving living standards within the
community and providing customers with good value for their money. Promise
was made to pursue the entrepreneurial, social and humanitarian ideals of their
father.
[edit]Jan Antonín Baťa
At the time of Tomáš's death, the Baťa company employed 16,560 people,
maintained 1,645 shops and 25 enterprises. Jan Baťa, following the plans laid
down by Tomas Bata before his death, expanded the company more than six times
its original size throughout Czechoslovakia and the world. Plants in Britain,
the Netherlands, Yugoslavia, Brazil,Kenya, Canada and the United States,
followed in the decade. In India, Batanagar was settled near Calcutta and
accounted from the late 1930s nearly 7500 Batamen. The Bata model fitted
anywhere, creating, for example, canteens for vegetarians in India and respecting
the caste system. In exchange, the demands on workers were as strong as in
Europe: "Be courageous. The best in the world is not good enough for us. Loyalty
gives us prosperity & happiness. Work is a moral necessity!"
As of 1934, the firm owned 300 stores in North America, a thousand in Asia, more
than 4,000 in Europe. In 1938, the Group employed just over 65,000 people
worldwide, including 36% outside Czechoslovakia and had stakes in the tanning,
agriculture, newspaper publishing, railway and air transport, textile production,
coal mining and aviation realms.
[edit]Bata-villes
Company policy initiated under Tomas Baťa was to set up villages around the
factories for the workers and to supply schools and welfare. These villages
include Batadorp in theNetherlands, Baťovany (present-day Partizánske)
and Svit in Slovakia, Baťov (now Bahňák, part of Otrokovice) in the Czech
Republic, Borovo-Bata (now Borovo Naselje, part ofVukovar in Croatia then in the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Bataville in Lorraine, France, Batawa in Canada, East
Tilbury[1] in Essex, England, Batapur in Pakistan and Batanagar andBataganj in
India. There was also a factory in Belcamp, Maryland, USA, northeast
of Baltimore on U.S. Route 40 in Harford County.[2]
The British "Bata-ville" in East Tilbury inspired the documentary film Bata-ville:
We Are Not Afraid of the Future.[3]
[edit]World War II
Just before the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, Bata helped re-post his
Jewish employees to branches of his firm all over the world. [4][5] Germany occupied
the remaining part of pre-war Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939; Jan Antonín
Baťa then spent a short time in jail but was then able to leave the country with his
family. Jan Antonín Baťa stayed in the Americas from 1939–1940, but when
America entered the war, he felt it would be safer for his co-workers and their
families back in occupied Czechoslovakia if he left the United States. He tried to
save as much as possible of the business, submitting to the plans of Germany as
well as financially supporting the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile led
byEdvard Beneš.
At occupied Europe a Bata shoe factory was connected to the concentration
camp Auschwitz-Birkenau.[6] The first slave labour efforts in Auschwitz involved
the Bata shoe factory.[7] In 1942 a small camp was established to support the Bata
shoe factory at Chełmek with Jewish slave labourers.[8]
After war
Bata International Centre 1965-2004
Tomas' son Thomas manager of the buying department of the English Bata
Company was unable to return until after the war. He was sent to Canada by his
Uncle Jan where he was the Vice President of the Bata Import and Export
Company of Canada, which developed into another model community
named Batawa that had been founded by Jan Antonin Bata in 1938. Foreign
subsidiaries were separated from the mother company, and ownership of plants in
Bohemia and Moravia was transferred to another member of the family.
After war governments in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland and Yugoslavia
confiscated and nationalized Bata factories in 1945, stripping Bata of its Eastern
European assets. From its new base in Canada, the company gradually rebuilt
itself, expanding into new markets throughout Asia, the Middle
East, Africa and Latin America. Rather than organizing these new operations in a
highly centralized structure, Bata established a confederation of autonomous units
that could be more responsive to new markets in developing countries.
In 1964, the Bata Shoe Organisation moved their headquarters to Toronto, Canada
—and in 1965 moved again, into an ultra-modern building, the Bata International
Centre. The Bata Shoes' former headquarters in North York, Ontario was designed
in the 1960s by architect John B. Parkin.
Czechoslovakia after 1989
After the Velvet Revolution in November 1989, Thomas J. Baťa arrived as soon as
December 1989. The Czechoslovak government offered him the opportunity to
invest in the ailing government-owned Svit shoe company. Since
companies nationalised before 1948 were not returned to their original owners, the
state continued to own Svit and privatised it duringvoucher privatisation in
Czechoslovakia. Svit's failure to compete in the free market led to decline, and in
2000 Svit went bankrupt.
]Present
After the global economic changes of the 1990s, the company closed a number of
its manufacturing factories in developed countries and focused on expanding retail
business. In 2004, the Bata headquarters were moved to Lausanne, Switzerland,
under the leadership of Thomas G. Bata, grandson of Tomáš Baťa.
In 2008, M. Thomas John Bata died aged 93 at Sunnybrook Health Sciences
Centre in Toronto at the age of 93 years old. M. Bata’s son, Thomas George Bata,
became chairman and chief executive of the company in 2001, but the elder Mr.
Bata remained active in its operations and carried business cards listing his title as
“chief shoe salesman.”
Today, the Bata Shoe Organization serves more than 1 million customers per day,
employs over 30,000 people,[9] operates more than 5,000 retail stores, manages 27
production facilities and a retail presence in over 90 countries.
The red indicates countries where Bata operates
[edit]Bata brands
Bata Store Wenceslas Square in Prague, the Czech Republic - 2005
Bata (Baťa in the Czech Republic)
Bata Comfit (Comfort Shoes)
Ambassador (Classic Men Shoes)
North Star (Urban Shoes)
Weinbrenner (Premium Outdoor Shoes)
Marie Claire (Women Shoes)
SunDrops (Women Shoes)
Bubblegummers (Children Shoes)
Baby Bubbles (Children Shoes)
Safari (Desert Shoes)
Power (Athletic Shoes)
Patapata (Flip Flops)
Toughees (School Shoes)
Verlon (School Shoes)
Teener (School Shoes)
Bata Industrials (Work & Safety Footwear)
[edit]In popular culture
The 1968 Czech film All My Compatriots by Vojtěch Jasný, in a scene set in
1948, refers to Baťa putting small shoemakers out of business.
In Susan Elderkin's 2000 novel Sunset Over Chocolate Mountains one of the
three narrative voices is Eva, a worker in a Bata factory in Partizánske,
Slovakia.[10]
Emil Zátopek worked in a Bata factory in Zlín.
[edit]See also
Baťa’s Skyscraper, Zlín
Bata Shoe Museum, Toronto
Bata shoe factory (East Tilbury)
[edit]References
1. ^ Bata Reminiscence and Resource Centre
2. ^ http://www.kilduffs.com/BATA.html
3. ^ Road film follows shoe empire" BBC News 28 August 2005
4. ^ Theresienstadt memorial archive 'Tom Stoppard Discloses his Past
5. ^ "And now the real thing" The Guardian, 22 June 2002. Retrieved 10
October 2010
6. ^ Dwork, Deborah; van Pelt, Robert Jan, Holocaust a History, W.W.Norton
& Company, Inc., 2002. ISBN 0-393-051888-9
7. ^ Engle Schafft, Gretchen, From Racism to Genocide: Anthropology in the
Third Reich, University of Illinois Press, 2004. ISBN 0-252-02930-5
8. ^ Dwork, Deborah; van Pelt, Robert Jan, Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present,
New York: W.W. Norton and Company Inc. ISBN 0-393- 03933-1
9. ^ About Bata bata.com, March 5, 2013.
10.^ Review: A Slovak-Arizona journey
Talk:Bata Shoe Museum
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{Request edit}
[edit]Untitled
Dear Wikipedia Editors:
I would like to make the following changes to the existing Bata Shoe Museum
article, but I am employed by the Museum as a consultant. I don't know who
originated the article - it's a good summary of the architecture, but it gives the
impression that the Museum is nothing but the building. My main goal is to have
the article describe a full picture of the Museum's activities. With the exception of
one exhibition which ends in early April 2008, I am only mentioning past
exhibitions and events so there is no promotion of specific current activities. Your
feedback as to whether the content below is acceptable would be greatly
appreciated.
Also, I would like to add "Bata Shoe Museum" to
<Template:Toronto_landmarks>.
Thank you in advance - Chopine
1) REASONS FOR PROPOSED CHANGES TO EXISTING TEXT
(1) In the Introduction: Change "The Bata Shoe Museum, in Toronto, Canada, is a
place dedicated to the history of footwear." to "The Bata Shoe Museum, in
Toronto, Canada, collects, researches, preserves, exhibits and interprets footwear
from around the world." (Reason: "a place" is unnecessary (if it's a museum, it's
clearly a place), the collection spans many cultures and geographic regions, and
this description is closer to the official definition of a museum, which we follow,
and says more about what the Museum actually does.)
(2) In "Building": Change "completed in 1991" to "completed in 1995". (Reason:
this building was completed in 1995. The Museum was housed elsewhere in the
early 90s. I propose to go into detail on this later on - please see below.)
(3) In "Building": Change "The building consists of three stories above ground,
and two below ground levels" to "The publicly-accessible part of the building
consists of four stories". (Reason: one of the Museum's five floors is not accessible
to the public, and people get confused if they read that there are five floors and
then they come to the Museum and can only find four.)
(4) In "Building": Change "throughout which are dispersed galleries, a resource
lab, restoration facilities, a gift shop, offices, and storage." to "which contain four
galleries, three lecture and multi-purpose rooms, conservation facilities, and a gift
shop." (Reason: there is a difference between 'restoration' and 'conservation', and
the Museum practices the latter. Also, the lecture and multi-purpose rooms are
much more used by the public than the resource lab, which is really a library and is
only open to researchers, and only by appointment. Finally, I suggest leaving out
"offices and storage" because I think that's obvious, and not too interesting for
most people.)
(5) In "Building": Change "its vast expanses of limestone are used as a backdrop
for banners advertising exhibitions within" to "its vast expanse of limestone glows
in the late afternoon sunlight". (Reason: less than 10% of the limestone is used as a
backdrop for banners, and the sunlight on the limestone was an important part of
the architect's vision.)
2) PROPOSED CHANGES TO ARTICLE
Bata Shoe Museum
Established May 6, 1995
Location Toronto, Canada
Coordinates 43.667278°N
79.400139°W
Curator Elizabeth Semmelhack
Public transit
access
St. George (TTC), Spadina
(TTC)
Website www.batashoemuseum.ca
The Bata Shoe Museum, in downtown Toronto, Canada, collects, researches,
preserves, exhibits and interprets footwear from around the world.
The Museum offers four exhibitions, three of which are time-limited, as well as
lectures, performances and family events.
Contents
[hide]
1 Untitled
2 History
3 Collections and research
4 Exhibitions
5 Public programs and events
6 Education, teachers' resources and online exhibitions
7 Building
8 Publicity
9 External links
10 Request for Comment
11 RfC: Requesting Editor Feedback on my Edit
12 A short summery about Bata Shoe Museum
13 Bata Shoe Museum
[edit]History
The collection which became the Bata Shoe Museum originated with Mrs. Sonja
Bata. As she travelled the world on business with her husband, Mr. Thomas J.
Bata of the Bata Shoe Company, she gradually built up a collection of traditional
footwear from the areas she was visiting. In 1979 the Bata family established the
Bata Shoe Museum Foundation to operate an international centre for footwear
research and house the collection. From 1979 to 1985 the collection was on display
at the offices of [Bata Limited] in the Don Millsarea of Toronto. From
June 1992 to November 1994 the Bata Shoe Museum welcomed visitors on the
second floor of the Colonnade, an office and retail complex in downtown Toronto,
and on May 6, 1995 the expanded Museum opened at its present location.
[edit]Collections and research
The Museum's collections, now numbering over 12,500 shoes and related objects,
span 4,500 years of history and many cultures and geographic regions. Over the
years, the Bata Shoe Museum Foundation has funded field trips to collect and
research footwear in Asia, Europe, and circumpolar regions and cultures where
traditions are changing rapidly (Siberia, Alaska, Greenland, the Canadian Inuit and
the Saami people). The Foundation has also produced a number of academic
publications.
[edit]Exhibitions
The Museum offers four exhibitions, one semi-permanent and three time-limited
and changing. The semi-permanent exhibition, "All About Shoes: Footwear
through the Ages", features shoes from many historical periods and geographic
areas, and looks at the significance of footwear in various cultural practices and
phases of life. The three changing exhibitions are usually on display for one to two
years, and may focus on a specific time period, cultural group, geographic area, or
an aspect of material culture. The footwear on display, often remarkable for its
construction and/or embellishment, also acts as a key to understanding its times,
and illustrates social and cultural developments. Exhibitions have included: "The
Perfect Pair: Wedding Shoe Stories" (2002–2004), "Paths Across the Plains: North
American Footwear of the Great Plains" (2004–2005), "Icons of Elegance:
Influential Shoe Designers of the 20th Century" (2005–2007), "Watched by
Heaven, Tied to Earth: Summoning Animal Protection for Chinese Children"
(2006–2007), and "The Charm of Rococo: Femininity and Footwear of the 18th
Century" (2006–2008).
[edit]Public programs and events
The Museum also organizes lectures, performances, and social evenings, often
with an ethnocultural focus or community partner. A representative activity would
be "Step Into Tango: Milonga at the Bata Shoe Museum" (2008), an Argentinian
tango evening featuring live music, dancers, a tango singer, Argentinian
refreshments and a display of elegant tango shoes. Events often illuminate a
personal connection or a cultural context in which footwear was created; for
example, "In the Shoes of an Elizabethan Lady: The Passions and Scandals
of Frances Walsingham" (2007) featured a curator's lecture and short concert of
period music followed by an exhibition viewing. Themed family activities have
included storytelling, music, arts and crafts, and trying on funky shoes.
[edit]Education, teachers' resources and online exhibitions
Approximately 10,000 students come to the Museum every year on a field trip.
Teachers, students and non-students alike also visit the Museum's online
exhibitions: "On Canadian Ground: Stories of Footwear in Early Canada" and "All
About Shoes", which latter features artifacts and information from some of the
Museum's most popular exhibitions. "All About Shoes" also provides teachers'
resources with classroom activities and projects. The best entries in the
International Shoe Design Competition (2007), co-organized by the Museum
and IFFTI (International Foundation of Fashion Technology Institutes), are also
viewable online.
[edit]Building
Designed by Raymond Moriyama and completed in 1995, the structure sits on the
southwest corner of Bloor and St. George Streets in downtown Toronto. Its form is
derived from the idea of the museum as a container. Taking this further and
associating it with footwear, Moriyama stated that the building is meant to evoke
an opening shoe box, realised in a somewhat deconstructivist form with its canted
walls and its copper-clad roof offset from the walls of the building below in an
interesting play of volume and void. The main facade (north) along Bloor Street
pinches inward to where the entrance, in the form of a glass shard, emerges,
creating a more generous forecourt. This glass protrusion is one end of a multi-
level 'cut' through the building which contains the main vertical circulation,
providing a clear view through the building to the three-story faceted glass wall,
designed by Lutz Haufschild, on the south facade. The entire stone volume appears
to float above a ribbon of glass display windows on street level, and its vast
expanse of limestone glows in the late afternoon sunlight.
The publicly-accessible part of the building consists of four stories, which contain
four galleries, three lecture and multi-purpose rooms, conservation facilities, and a
gift shop. Typical of most museums, the gallery spaces are neutral in design,
allowing focus on the creative displays, not the building itself. However,
traditional materials such as castbronze and leather (an important material in shoe
creation for centuries) are used in signage throughout the museum.
Raymond Moriyama said of the edifice: "Architecture is never the creation of the
architect alone. The museum's architecture should be seen as a celebration not only
of shoes but also of the wonderful vision that brought them into the public eye."
[edit]Publicity
The Bata Shoe Museum was featured in an episode of The Amazing Race: Family
Edition, for which the contestants were in Toronto. Teams had to choose a pair of
shoes, and find the woman who fit the selected pair amongst 100 candidates.
[edit]External links
Wikimedia Commons
has media related
to: Bata Shoe Museum
Bata Shoe Museum official website
Bata International
[show]
V
T
E
Landmarks in Toronto
--Chopine (talk) 02:41, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
Study the history of footwear.... at Toronto's very own SHOES< SHOES<
SHOES...
You can't even get this many shoes at the Shoe Company!!!!!!!!!!!!
[edit]Request for Comment
[edit]RfC: Requesting Editor Feedback on my Edit
I am in a Conflict of Interest situation so I want to make sure my article is neutral -
please let me know if there's anything else I should do - thank you.
Chopine (talk) 17:07, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
Please make your desired changes. I'll return later to see if any modifications
are needed due to the Conflict of interest policy. Thanks, EdJohnston (talk)
21:49, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
Ed, Thank you. I'll make the changes within the next couple of weeks and let
you know when they are done. --Chopine (talk) 01:35, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
I think the proposed changes are good, and in keeping with the neutral point
of view. - SimonP (talk)`
[edit]A short summery about Bata Shoe Museum
Requested by Sonya Bata who had been painstakingly gathering a special
collection of artifact since 1940s, Raymond Moriyama, a Japanese-
Canadian architect took the responsibility of designing and construction of
Bata Shoe Museum project after meeting Mrs. Bata and her collection. The
building is 3 stories above ground and 2 underground which is made out of
limestone covered by a clad lid plane as the roof to protect the historical
treasures. The idea came from the shoeboxes that were protecting the shoes
from the dust and light. The transparent entrance is also another interesting
point of the building looking like it is sticking out of the hinged walls facing
north. The reason of the hinged walls was to create more space for the
pedestrians. The building is blending in with the surrounding buildings
because of the colors of the limestone and is giving the last touches of class
to the neighborhood.
References: • MAYS, JOHN BENTLY. "Ontario Craft." Ed. ANNE
MCPHERSON. Toronto: Ontario Craft Council, Fall 1995.
Ghazal Masteri Farahani —Preceding unsigned comment added
by Ghazalmasteri (talk • contribs) 21:14, 17 October 2010 (UTC)
[edit]Bata Shoe Museum
The Bata shoe museum which is located at downtown Toronto,corner of St.
George and Bloor street. The museum was officially opened on May 6
1995, given the symbolic potency of shoes.The building which is designed
by architech Raymond Moriyama,is an integral element to the museum’s
overall presentation.Moniyama took up the idea of the building as container,
inspired by the boxes used to store and protect its holdings.The walls, which
frame exhibition areas, are canted inward to the street level by 83.1 degree.
The effects of this are: it creates a feeling of spaciousness and also provides
a place for street performers, musician, and other public activities. —
Preceding unsigned comment added by Elenakhani (talk •contribs) 10:48,
18 October 2010 (UTC)
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