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Basics of Chemistry
Milady’s Standard Cosmetology
Cosmetology:
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
“The greater the difficulty, the more glory in surmounting it. Skillful pilots gain their reputation from storms and
tempests.”
Epictetus
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Objectives
• Explain the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry.
• Discuss the different forms of matter: elements, compounds, and mixtures.
• Explain pH and the pH scale. • Describe oxidation and reduction (redox)
reactions.
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Matter
• Anything that occupies space, has physical and chemical properties, and exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Elements
• Simplest form of matter• Cannot be reduced without loss of
identity• 90 – natural• 22 – artificial• Identified by a letter symbol• C – O – H – N – S
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Atoms and Molecules
• Atom: Particles from which all matter is composed.
• Molecules: Result of joined atoms.– Elemental molecule– Compound molecule
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
States of Matter
• Solid: Have shape, volume, weight (ice)• Liquid: Have volume and weight, no
shape (water)• Gas: Have no volume or shape (steam)
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Physical and Chemical Properties
• Physical: Determined without a chemical reaction (color, odor, weight, density).
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
• Chemical: Determined with a chemical reaction (change identity – rusting iron, burning wood).
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Pure Substances and Mixtures• Pure substances (distinct properties)
• Mixtures (elements combined physically)
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Solutions, Suspensions, Emulsions
• Solution• Solute• Solvent• Miscible liquids• Immiscible liquids• Suspension• Emulsion
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Surfactants• Head• Tail• Surfactant molecule• Oil in water
emulsion (O/W)
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Surfactants
• Water in oil emulsion (W/O)
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Other Physical Properties• Ointments
• Powders
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Common Ingredients• Alcohol• Alkanolamines• Ammonia• Glycerine• Silicones• Volatile organic compounds
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Potential Hydrogen and Ions
• Ion• Ionization• Anion• Cation
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Water and pH
• Hydrogen ion (H+) is acidic.• Hydrogen ion (OH) is alkaline.
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
The pH Scale• pH: Parts
hydrogen or potential hydrogen
• The scale: 0 – 14
• pH 7: neutral
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Acids• Acids
– pH below 7.0– Turn litmus paper from blue to red– Contracts and harden hair
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Alkalis• pH above 7.0 .• Known as “base”.• Turn litmus paper from red to blue.• Feel slippery and soapy on skin.• Soften and swell hair.
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Acid-Alkali Neutralization Reactions
• Pure water• Neutralizing shampoos and
normalizing lotions
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Oxidation Reactions• Oxidation• Oxidation-reduction• Exothermic• Combustion
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Reduction Reactions• Oxidized
• Reduction
• Oxidizing agent
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Redox• Redox (a contraction from “reduction”
and “oxidation”)• Oxidation (relocating hydrogen)• Reduction (adding or subtracting
hydrogen)
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Summary and Review• What is chemistry?• Why is a basic understanding of
chemistry important?• What is the difference between organic
and inorganic chemistry?• What are atoms?
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
• What are elements?• What are the physical and chemical
properties of matter?• What is the difference between physical
and chemical changes. Give examples.• Describe 3 states of matter.
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
• Explain elements, compounds, and mixtures.• What is the difference between solutions,
suspension, and emulsions? Give examples.• Define pH and the pH scale.• Explain the difference between oxidation and
reduction reactions.
MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY
Congratulations!
You’ve just completed one unit of study toward
program completion.
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