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Bao-Rong Lu
Dept. Ecology & Evolutionary Biology School of Life Sciences, Fudan University
Bao-Rong Lu
Dept. Ecology & Evolutionary Biology School of Life Sciences, Fudan University
Assessing Environmental Assessing Environmental risks caused by risks caused by
transgene escape from transgene escape from GM plantsGM plants
Biosafety concernsBiosafety concerns Biosafety concernsBiosafety concerns
Food & health safety Environmental safety Labeling & detection Socio-economic & ethic
concerns Regulatory procedures Public perception Biosafety assessment
Food & health safety Environmental safety Labeling & detection Socio-economic & ethic
concerns Regulatory procedures Public perception Biosafety assessment
Environmental Environmental safetysafety Environmental Environmental safetysafety
Environmental safetyEnvironmental safety
Effect on non-target organisms: direct & indirect
Transgene escape & its ecological consequences
Changes of biodiversity: agricultural ecosystem
Pest resistance development
Impact of transgenes on soil microbe
Effect on non-target organisms: direct & indirect
Transgene escape & its ecological consequences
Changes of biodiversity: agricultural ecosystem
Pest resistance development
Impact of transgenes on soil microbe
Transgene escape & its ecological Transgene escape & its ecological consequencesconsequencesTransgene escape & its ecological Transgene escape & its ecological consequencesconsequences
Transgenes escape Transgenes escape viavia ggene flowene flow
Transgenes escape Transgenes escape viavia ggene flowene flow
Gene flow: movement of genes from one population to another
Pollen – Seed – Vegetative organs
Crop-to-crop Crop-to-wild relatives
Gene flow: movement of genes from one population to another
Pollen – Seed – Vegetative organs
Crop-to-crop Crop-to-wild relatives
Risk = hazard × exposureRisk = hazard × exposure Risk = hazard × exposureRisk = hazard × exposure
Risk: probability that any adverse effect occurs from a hazard (%)
Hazard: intrinsic properties of a substance or object with potential adverse or harmful effects
Exposure: measurement of the extent to which a given hazard is present in a particular dimension
Risk: probability that any adverse effect occurs from a hazard (%)
Hazard: intrinsic properties of a substance or object with potential adverse or harmful effects
Exposure: measurement of the extent to which a given hazard is present in a particular dimension
Science 2004, 306: 1458–1459. Science 2004, 306: 1458–1459.
Impacts of transgene Impacts of transgene
escape via gene flowescape via gene flow——A A case study in ricecase study in rice
1. Crop-to-crop gene flow: potential risks
1. Crop-to-crop gene flow: potential risks
Unintended “contamination” of non-GM rice
Food & feed safety issues
Legal or trade problems
Non-target organisms
Changes in genetic diversity
Unintended “contamination” of non-GM rice
Food & feed safety issues
Legal or trade problems
Non-target organisms
Changes in genetic diversity
Pollen-mediated gene flowPollen-mediated gene flow:: ImportImportant to know pollen dynamics with spant to know pollen dynamics with spatial distancesatial distances
Parameters affect pollen flowParameters affect pollen flow Maximum pollen flow of MH-63: 110Maximum pollen flow of MH-63: 110
m (wind speed 10m/s)m (wind speed 10m/s)
Pollen-mediated gene flowPollen-mediated gene flow:: ImportImportant to know pollen dynamics with spant to know pollen dynamics with spatial distancesatial distances
Parameters affect pollen flowParameters affect pollen flow Maximum pollen flow of MH-63: 110Maximum pollen flow of MH-63: 110
m (wind speed 10m/s)m (wind speed 10m/s)
(1) Pollen flow & its (1) Pollen flow & its modelingmodeling
Lu et al. 2003
花粉密度随距离增加呈指数衰减花粉密度随距离增加呈指数衰减
xax eDD 0
• 湍流系数估计:湍流系数估计: nn = 1 = 1• 衰减系数估计:衰减系数估计: aa 0. 0.3434
(2) Gene flow & its modeling(2) Gene flow & its modeling
杂交稻 x 农家稻 杂交稻 x 农家稻
Gene flow between traditional and hybrid rice
Gene flow between traditional and hybrid rice
Gene flow frequencies between traditional rice &
hybrid rice
Gene flow frequencies between traditional rice &
hybrid rice
HR vs. TR
TR HR: 0.11%
HR TR: 0.04%
HR vs. TR
TR HR: 0.11%
HR TR: 0.04%
Gene flow of transgenic ( Bt/CpTI) rice Gene flow of transgenic ( Bt/CpTI) rice Exp. 1Exp. 1 GM riceGM rice Non-GM riceNon-GM riceExp. 2Exp. 2
Exp. 3Exp. 3 Exp. 4Exp. 4
Gene flow between adjacent Bt/CpTI rice lines & non-transgenic controls
Gene flow between adjacent Bt/CpTI rice lines & non-transgenic controls
20 m
32 m20 m
The prevalent wind direction
A C
20 m
10 m
B
32 m
D
38 m
10 m 32 m
20 m5 m 32 m
Distance effect: transgene flow from Bt/CpTI rice
Distance effect: transgene flow from Bt/CpTI rice
Rong et al. 2007 New PhytologistRong et al. 2007 New Phytologist
Determinants of gene flowDeterminants of gene flow
Biological: Outcrossing rate of pollen
recipients
Pollen density around pollen recipients (pollen competition)
Physical: Climate conditions
Biological: Outcrossing rate of pollen
recipients
Pollen density around pollen recipients (pollen competition)
Physical: Climate conditions
Model predicted maximum frequencies Model predicted maximum frequencies of gene flow in riceof gene flow in rice
Model predicted maximum frequencies Model predicted maximum frequencies of gene flow in riceof gene flow in rice
5 m 30 m 50 m 70 m 85 m
xaO exaFF )1(
Scale effect of gene flowScale effect of gene flowExperiment of 3 GM rice & parentsExperiment of 3 GM rice & parentsScale effect of gene flowScale effect of gene flow
Experiment of 3 GM rice & parentsExperiment of 3 GM rice & parents
GM vs nonGMMSR+ vs MSR-HY1+ vs HY2-Hy2+ vs HY2-
Gene flow frequencies not positively correlate with the increase of plot size
Overall gene flow frequency is <1%
Gene flow frequencies not positively correlate with the increase of plot size
Overall gene flow frequency is <1%
Pollen-mediated transgene flow is neglectable in rice
Spatial isolation can reduce “contamination”
Seed-mediated transgene flow may pose significant “contamination”
Seed production & distribution control
Pollen-mediated transgene flow is neglectable in rice
Spatial isolation can reduce “contamination”
Seed-mediated transgene flow may pose significant “contamination”
Seed production & distribution control
General conclusion:General conclusion:General conclusion:General conclusion:
2. Crop-to-wild gene flow: potential risks
2. Crop-to-wild gene flow: potential risks
Pollen-mediated crop-wild transgene flow posing environmental risks
Transgene in wild-rice populations may change fitness of wild plants
Enhance/reduce competitive ability of wild rice with transgene
Pollen-mediated crop-wild transgene flow posing environmental risks
Transgene in wild-rice populations may change fitness of wild plants
Enhance/reduce competitive ability of wild rice with transgene
Wild O. rufipogon is distributed in southern China
Hazards: Turning it into an invasive weed
Bringing endangered populations into extinction by demographic swamping
Wild O. rufipogon is distributed in southern China
Hazards: Turning it into an invasive weed
Bringing endangered populations into extinction by demographic swamping
Oryza rufipogon
Assessment of transgene escape & its ecological consequences
Assessment of transgene escape & its ecological consequences
Transgene flow to
wild rice
Transgene flow to
wild rice
Transgene express in wild rice
Transgene express in wild rice
Transgene persist & spread in natural
population
Transgene persist & spread in natural
populationEcological
consequenceEcological
consequence
Exposure (%)Exposure (%)HazardHazard
O. sativaO. sativa O. rufipogonO. rufipogon
Design ADesign A Design BDesign B
Design CDesign C
Screening of molecular markersScreening of molecular markers
Electrophoretogram of ESTElectrophoretogram of EST PCR amplified products generated using SSR primer RM44
PCR amplified products generated using SSR primer RM44
RAPD amplification products generated with primer S107RAPD amplification products generated with primer S107
RAPD amplification products generated with primer S358RAPD amplification products generated with primer S358
Gene flow from rice to Gene flow from rice to common wild rice: common wild rice:
up to 3%up to 3%
Gene flow from rice to Gene flow from rice to common wild rice: common wild rice:
up to 3%up to 3%
Modeling gene flow to wild relativesModeling gene flow to wild relativesModeling gene flow to wild relativesModeling gene flow to wild relatives
Frequency of crop-to-wild gene flow is high
3. Crop-to-weedy gene flow: potential risks
3. Crop-to-weedy gene flow: potential risks
Weedy rice is a bad weed occurring widely in tropic & temperate regions
Asia, America, Africa & Europe
In Asia, weedy rice was mainly found in S & SE Asian countries
NE China, associated with direct seeding
Weedy rice is a bad weed occurring widely in tropic & temperate regions
Asia, America, Africa & Europe
In Asia, weedy rice was mainly found in S & SE Asian countries
NE China, associated with direct seeding
Ca. 0.5% gene flow from rice to its weedy type in
generation
Ca. 0.5% gene flow from rice to its weedy type in
generation
500 bp500 bp
Cultivated-weedy-wild rice mixtureCultivated-weedy-wild rice mixture
Bt gene expression in wild rice
Bt gene expression in wild rice
Hybrids between Bt-O. sativa & O. rufipogon
Gene expression by ELISA test
Transgene expression level (%) is similar in hybrids compared with GM rice
Hybrids between Bt-O. sativa & O. rufipogon
Gene expression by ELISA test
Transgene expression level (%) is similar in hybrids compared with GM rice
Xia et al. 2008, J. Plant Biotech.Xia et al. 2008, J. Plant Biotech.
A cost-benefit experiment involving Bt, CpTI & Bt/CpTI rice & their non-GM controls
The results showed different benefit-cost patterns for various characters
E.g. good seed production
A cost-benefit experiment involving Bt, CpTI & Bt/CpTI rice & their non-GM controls
The results showed different benefit-cost patterns for various characters
E.g. good seed production
Fitness performanceFitness performance
Performance of O. sativa, O. rufipogon & hybrids
Hybrids: lowest value: seedling survival ability,
pollen viability & seed production
Medium value: seed germination, spikelet production & flag-leaf areas
High value: plant height, number of tillers & panicles
Performance of O. sativa, O. rufipogon & hybrids
Hybrids: lowest value: seedling survival ability,
pollen viability & seed production
Medium value: seed germination, spikelet production & flag-leaf areas
High value: plant height, number of tillers & panicles
Hybrids: Poor sexual reproduction High hybrid vigor & tillering
ability No significant differences in
composite fitness across whole life-history
Rice genes may persist in wild populations through vegetative & sexual reproduction
Hybrids: Poor sexual reproduction High hybrid vigor & tillering
ability No significant differences in
composite fitness across whole life-history
Rice genes may persist in wild populations through vegetative & sexual reproduction
General conclusionsGeneral conclusions
Rice & its close wild relatives co-exist in many areas worldwide
Crop-wild gene flow in rice is commonly found in nature
High probability of transgene escape to weedy/wild rice through gene flow
Rice & its close wild relatives co-exist in many areas worldwide
Crop-wild gene flow in rice is commonly found in nature
High probability of transgene escape to weedy/wild rice through gene flow
Confinement of crop-to-wild gene flow is difficult in many places
Crop gene can persist in wild population via introgression
Consequences of transgene escape to wild & weedy rice should be thoroughly assessed
Confinement of crop-to-wild gene flow is difficult in many places
Crop gene can persist in wild population via introgression
Consequences of transgene escape to wild & weedy rice should be thoroughly assessed
Assessment of transgene escape & its ecological consequences
Assessment of transgene escape & its ecological consequences
Transgene flow to
wild rice
Transgene flow to
wild rice
Transgene express in wild rice
Transgene express in wild rice
Transgene persist & spread in natural
population
Transgene persist & spread in natural
populationEcological
consequenceEcological
consequence
Exposure (%)Exposure (%)HazardHazard
?
BioScience 2005BioScience 2005
Acknowledgement:Acknowledgement:Fudan University, ShanghaiFudan University, ShanghaiDr. Song Zhiping; Mr. Rong Jun; Ms. Chen Liangyan; Ms. Cao Qianjin; Dr. Song Zhiping; Mr. Rong Jun; Ms. Chen Liangyan; Ms. Cao Qianjin; Mr. Xia HuiMr. Xia HuiFujian Academy of Agricultural Science, FuzhouFujian Academy of Agricultural Science, FuzhouDr. Wang Feng; Dr. Shu JunDr. Wang Feng; Dr. Shu JunYunnan Agricultural University, KunmingYunnan Agricultural University, KunmingDr. Chen Lijuan; Dr. Zhu Youyong, Dr. Wang YunyueDr. Chen Lijuan; Dr. Zhu Youyong, Dr. Wang YunyueOhio State University, USAOhio State University, USADr. A. A. SlowDr. A. A. Slow
Nature Science Foundation of ChinaNature Science Foundation of China (NSFC)(NSFC) for Distinguished Young for Distinguished Young Scholars (30125029 & Scholars (30125029 & 2007ZD0012007ZD001) ) National High Science and Technology ProgramNational High Science and Technology Program (2001AA212031 & 20 (2001AA212031 & 2001AA212041) 01AA212041) Science & Technology Commission of ShanghaiScience & Technology Commission of Shanghai (02JC14022 & 03dz19(02JC14022 & 03dz19309)309)
Acknowledgement:Acknowledgement:Fudan University, ShanghaiFudan University, ShanghaiDr. Song Zhiping; Mr. Rong Jun; Ms. Chen Liangyan; Ms. Cao Qianjin; Dr. Song Zhiping; Mr. Rong Jun; Ms. Chen Liangyan; Ms. Cao Qianjin; Mr. Xia HuiMr. Xia HuiFujian Academy of Agricultural Science, FuzhouFujian Academy of Agricultural Science, FuzhouDr. Wang Feng; Dr. Shu JunDr. Wang Feng; Dr. Shu JunYunnan Agricultural University, KunmingYunnan Agricultural University, KunmingDr. Chen Lijuan; Dr. Zhu Youyong, Dr. Wang YunyueDr. Chen Lijuan; Dr. Zhu Youyong, Dr. Wang YunyueOhio State University, USAOhio State University, USADr. A. A. SlowDr. A. A. Slow
Nature Science Foundation of ChinaNature Science Foundation of China (NSFC)(NSFC) for Distinguished Young for Distinguished Young Scholars (30125029 & Scholars (30125029 & 2007ZD0012007ZD001) ) National High Science and Technology ProgramNational High Science and Technology Program (2001AA212031 & 20 (2001AA212031 & 2001AA212041) 01AA212041) Science & Technology Commission of ShanghaiScience & Technology Commission of Shanghai (02JC14022 & 03dz19(02JC14022 & 03dz19309)309)
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