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8/19/2019 Avian Evolution, Biogeography n Phylogenetic Relationships
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doi: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1368, 459-4692682001Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
Joel Cracraft Tertiary mass extinction event−
Avian evolution, Gondwana biogeography and the Cretaceous
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8/19/2019 Avian Evolution, Biogeography n Phylogenetic Relationships
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alaeognathae eognathae
alloanserae
i n a m i d a e
p t e r y g i d a e
i n o r n i t h i d a e
h e i d a e
t r u t h i o n i d a e
a s u a r i i d a e
r o m i c e i d a e
e g a p o d i i d a e
r a c i d a e
h a s i a n o i d e a
n h i m i d a e
r o m o r n i t h i d a e
n s e r a n a t i d a e
n a t i d a e
e o a v e s
e p y o r n i t h i d a e
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t i d i d
a e
e s
i t o r n
i t h i d
a e
r u i d
a e
r a m
i d a e
s o p
h i i d
a e
a l l i d
a e
e s s e
l o r n
i t h i d
a e
u r y p y g
i d a e
h y n o c
h e
t i d
a e
p t o
r n i t h i d
a e
a r i a m
i d a e
e l i o r n i t h i d a e
r n
c e
t e a t o r n i t h i d a e
p o d i d a e
r o c h i l i d a e
e g o t h e l i d a e
y c t i b i i d a e
a p r i m u
l g i d
a e
o d a r i g i d a e
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scinesuboscines
i t t
i d
a e
h i l
e p
i t t
i d
a e
y r a n n
i
c a n
t h i
s i
t t
i d
a e
a s s e r
i d
a
e l i
p h
a g o
i d
e a
o r v o
i d
e a
u r y l a i m i d a e
u r y l a i m i d a e
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35 Myr
100 Myr160 Myr 84 Myr
85 Myr
80–40 Myr
64–55 Myr
100–80 Myr
Kerguelan Plateau
Norfolk Ridge
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Late Cretaceous fossil age
inferred age Late Cretaceous or older
Palaeogene fossil age
inferred age Palaeogene or older
Neogene/no fossil age
85 Myr New Zealand/West Antarctica
64–55 Myr Australia/East Antarctica
35 Myr South America/West Antarctica
100 Myr Africa/South America
80–40 Myr New Caledonia/New Zealand
84 Myr Madagascar/India
100–80 Myr Madagascar–India/East Antarctica
inferred minimal geological vicariance ages
R h e i d a e
S t r u t h i o n i d a e
D i n o r n i t h i d a e
A p t e r y g i d a e
T i n a m i d a e
A n a t i d a e
P r e s b y o r n i t h i d a e
A n s e r a n a t i d a e
D r o m o r n i t h i d a e
A n h i m i d a e
C r a c i d a e
P h a s i a n o i d e a
M e g a p o d i i d a e
C o r v o i d e a
M e l i p h a g o i d e a
P a s s e r i d a
A c a n t h i s i t t i d a e
T y r a n n i
P h i l e p i t t i d a e
E u r y l a i m i d a e
P i t t i d a e
N y c t i b i i d a e
S t e a t o r n i t h i d a e
C a p r i m u l g i d a e
P o d a r g i d a e
A e g o t h e l i d a e
T r o c h i l i d a e
A p o d i d a e
S T R I G I F O R M E S
M U S O P H A G I F O R M E S
P I C I
C O R A C I I F O R M E S
G A L B U L A E
C O L I I F O R M E S
C U C U L I F O R M E S
P S I T T A C I F O R M E S
A p t e r o r n i t h i d a e
R h y n o c h e t i d a e
M e s s e l o r n i t h i d a e
E u r y p y g i d a e
A r a m i d a e
G r u i d a e
P s o p h i i d a e
R a l l o i d e a
C a r i a m a e
M e s i t o r n i t h i d a e
O t i d i d a e
T u r n i c e s
C H A R A D R I I F O R M E S
C O L U M B I F O R M E S
P T E R O C L I D A E
G A V I I F O R M E S
P O D I C I P E D I F O R M E S
S P H E N I S C I F O R M E S
P R O C E L L A R I I F O R M E S
C I C O N I I F O R M E S
P E L E C A N I F O R M E S
F A L C O N I F O R M E S
NEOAVESGALLOANSERAE
NEOGNATHAEPALAEOGNATHAE
A e p y o r n i t h i d a e
D r o m i c e i d a e
C a s u a r i i d a e
ages inferred from fossil taxa
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