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Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
U. Flores, D. Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations | Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg
Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico
49th International Symposium on Forestry Mechanization
04 – 07 September 2016 Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Outline
Forestry and energy generation in Mexico
Is there potential availability for energy generation from woody biomass in Mexico?
Technical availability and utilization costs of woody biomass for energetic use in Mexico
What is next?
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 2
Forestry and energy generation in Mexico
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 3
Source: INEGI, 2012
Cloud forest Rain forest
Tropical evergreen forest
Savana Tropical deciduous forest Thorn forest Arid tropical scrub
Boreal forest
Pine-Oak forest Chaparral Mesquite grassland
Desert
Forestry and energy generation in Mexico
Forest yield: 8 m3/ha/year Harvesting productivity:
- 10-15 m3/ha - 50-60 m3/ha (Torres, 2004)
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 4
7 6,7 6,4 6,5 7
6,3 5,8 5,6 5,5
5,9 6 5,7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Millio
n o
f m
3r
Years
National Timber Production (2003-2014)
Source: SEMARNAT, 2014
Bioenergy
18.09.2014 Professur für Forstliche Verfahrenstechnik | Uni Freiburg 5 Source: Secretaría Nacional de Energía, 2013
Table 1.
Is there potential availability for energy generation from woody biomass in Mexico?
To develop a methodology for holistically evaluating the feasibility of supplying energy from decentralized bioenergy plants for woody forest biomass in Mexico
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 6
Theoretical: Theoretically available biomass for energetic use (m3 and ton).
Technical: Technically available biomass for energetic use (m3 and ton) and technical energy potential (PJ).
Economic: Economic potential of biomass for energetic use ($/m3).
Table 2. Variable sets Variable set one Variable set two Variable set three Variable set four
1. Forest productive area (ha) 1. Terrain Slope (%) 1. Net heating value (kJ/kg) 1. Labor cost from harvesting and extraction ($)
2. Available tree species 2. Soil degradation (%) 2. Energy demand (TJ) 2. Labor cost from machine operation ($)
3. Annual average increment (m3/year) 3. Mechanization level (%) 3. Basic density (ton/m3) 3. Road maintenance and
construction cost ($)
4. Production (m3/year) 4. Transportation cost ($)
5. Round wood production from sawmills (m3/year) 5. Technical support cost ($)
Is there potential availability for energy generation from woody biomass in Mexico?
Regional case study:
North: Durango and Chihuahua Central-south: Michoacán, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz, Chiapas,
Guerrero, Jalisco and State of Mexico
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 8
1) A spatial approach is carried out with i as the analyzed specie out of a n number of species in a j region
Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 9
Table 3. Theoretical available woody biomass from harvesting residues
n=3 i
j Pine Oak Fir
North 590,570 117,273 0
Durango Chihuahua Central-south 379,324 85,855 36,036
Michoacan Oaxaca Puebla Veracruz Chiapas Guerrero Jalisco State of Mexico Total 969,894 203,128 36,036
Is there potential availability for energy generation from woody biomass in Mexico?
18.09.2016
1) A spatial approach is carried out with i as the analyzed specie out of a n number of species in a j region
2) Equations to account the availability of woody biomass as well as extraction limits equations are developed
Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 10
Is there potential availability for energy generation from woody biomass in Mexico?
18.09.2016
1) A spatial approach is carried out with i as the analyzed specie out of a n number of species in a j region
2) Equations to account the availability of woody biomass as well as extraction limits equations are developed
3) GIS spatial analysis are used to analyze terrain conditions in order to calculate sustainability constraints
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 11
Source: qgis.org, 2015
Is there potential availability for energy generation from woody biomass in Mexico?
1) A spatial approach is carried out with i as the analyzed specie out of a n number of species in a j region
2) Equations to account the availability of woody biomass as well as extraction limits equations are developed
3) GIS spatial analysis are used to analyze terrain conditions in order to calculate sustainability constraints
4) Monte Carlo simulations are developed to estimate production cost from utilization and transportation
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 12
Is there potential availability for energy generation from woody biomass in Mexico?
1) A spatial approach is carried out with i as the analyzed specie out of a n number of species in a j region
2) Equations to account the availability of woody biomass as well as extraction limits equations are developed
3) GIS spatial analysis are used to analyze terrain conditions in order to calculate sustainability constraints
4) Monte Carlo simulations are developed to estimate production cost from utilization and transportation
5) A biomass energy flow chart is presented for tracing biomass production involving source and end use.
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 13
Is there potential availability for energy generation from woody biomass in Mexico?
Is there potential availability for energy generation from woody biomass in Mexico?
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 14
Analyzed sources
Analyzed species
Outcomes
Potentials
Research modules
Availability and appropriateness of
lignocellulose biomass
Forest management for
bioenergy supply Energy output
Theoretical potential Technical potential
Economic potential
Harvesting residues, non-extracted stands residues and sawmill residues
Pine, oak and fir
Theoretical biomass for energetic use (kg)
Technical biomass for energetic use (kg) Technical energy potential (TJ)
Economic potential of biomass for energetic use ($)
Sustainable potential
Is there potential availability for energy generation from woody biomass in Mexico?
Numerical modeling is carried out estimating biomass availability according to sustainability constraints. - Slope percentage: It constraints biomass availability according to
forested areas up to 35% slope.
- Soil degradation: Physical and chemical soil degradation represented by compaction and fertility of soil are assessed.
- Mechanization level: It covers a productivity assessment of harvesting operations given equipment, slope percentage at felling site and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the stand to be felled.
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 15
Technical availability of woody biomass for energetic use in Mexico
16
Theoretical available biomass residues from harvesting for north and central-south regions by specie
(1993-2013) (m3)
Technical availability of woody biomass for energetic use in Mexico
17 Theoretical availability of woody biomass nationally produced by source, specie and region
Technical availability of woody biomass for energetic use in Mexico
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 18
There is a loss of 602,200 m3 due to the applied sustainability constraints
Technical availability of woody biomass for energetic use in Mexico
19
Technical availability of woody biomass constrained by soil degradation,
slope percentage and mechanization level (m3)
Pine Oak Fir Total
Harvesting residues
(m3)
North 374,674 74,401 - 449,075 Central-south 257,080 58,187 24,423 339,689 Total 631,753 132,588 24,423 788,764
Non-extracted stands
(m3)
North 749 1,245 - 1,995 Central-south 810 1,346 846 3,001 Total 1,559 2,591 846 4,996
Sawmill residues (m3)
North 914,119 49,000 - 963,120 Central-south 587,140 35,873 55,618 678,631 Total 1,501,259 84,874 55,618 1,641,750
TOTAL DOMESTIC 2,435,510
Technical availability of woody biomass for energetic use in Mexico
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 20
Technical availability of woody biomass constrained by soil degradation, slope
percentage and mechanization level (m3)
Pine Oak Fir Total
Harvesting residues (m3) 631,754 132,588 24,423 788,764
NE stands residues (m3) 1,559 2,591 846 4,996
Sawmill residues (m3) 1,501,259 84,874 55,618 1,641,750
Total domestic 2,435,510
Sawmill Imports 3,319,775
TOTAL 5,755,285
Monte Carlo simulation results according to cost for the north region
Cost (MXN/m3)
Harvesting residues
Non-extracted stands
residues Sawmill residues
Min 150.34 196.82 98.47
Max 759.49 852.33 526.10
Mean 445.63
(34.12 USD/m3) 529.71
(40.55 USD/m3) 312.29
(23.91 USD/m3) Standard dev. 106.93 111.06 89.48
Range 609.15 655.50 427.63
Standard error 0.81% 0.69% 0.83% Number of simulations (N) 7,852 8,242 10,784
Monte Carlo simulation results according to cost for the central south region
Cost (MXN/m3)
Harvesting residues
Non-extracted
stands residues Sawmill residues
Min 82.42 109.11 132.51
Max 1,552.94 1,808.46 895.17
Mean 814.68
(62.37 USD/m3) 978.74
(74.94 USD/m3) 582.76
(44.62 USD/m3) Standard dev. 240.07 250.55 163.29
Range 1,470.52 1,699.34 762.65
Standard error 0.67% 0.37% 0.44% Number of simulations (N) 17,232 17,900 15,096
Mean values of analyzed costs for north and central south region
Technical availability of woody biomass for energetic use in Mexico
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 22
Breakdown of biomass production for energetic use showing residues origin from the 10 analyzed provinces
Technical availability of woody biomass for energetic use in Mexico
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 23
Biomass energy flow chart for the regional case study based on 10 provinces involving analyzed species and sources
Technical availability of woody biomass for energetic use in Mexico
Technical available forest woody biomass for energetic use (ton)
Pine Oak Fir Total
North 628,007 92,239 0 720,246 Central-south 411,529 70,600 30,737 512,866 Sawmill
imports 1,616,730
TOTAL 1,039,536 162,839 30,737 2,849,842
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 24
Technical available energy from forest woody biomass (PJ)
Pine Oak Fir Total
North 10.29 1.56 - 11.85
Central-south 6.61 1.14 0.49 8.25
Sawmill imports 25.86
TOTAL 16.90 2.70 0.49 45.96
What is next?
New techniques for forest operations could positively impact extraction limits
Modeling cable yarding technique results in additional 321,881 m3
Increase of managed forest areas within a time frame, are to be addressed using the proposed methodology
Modeling has repercussions on decision making regarding forestry and bioenergy supply chains
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 25
Thank you
18.09.2016 Availability and utilization costs of forest woody biomass for bioenergy in Mexico 26
Ulises Flores Chair of Forest Operations Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg ulises.flores@foresteng.uni-freiburg.de +49 761 203 3790
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