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ATNATNAir-Ground SubnetworksAir-Ground Subnetworks
Presentation ATN2.2 by R. Oishi, Presentation ATN2.2 by R. Oishi, ARINCARINC
CAO Regional ATN SeminarCAO Regional ATN Seminar
6-7 May 20026-7 May 2002
End Systems - Intermediate End Systems - Intermediate SystemsSystems
End System (ES)End System (ES)– Computer system which executes end-user application Computer system which executes end-user application
programsprograms– May implement 7-layer stack as requiredMay implement 7-layer stack as required– Communicates to Intermediate Systems or possibly to other ESsCommunicates to Intermediate Systems or possibly to other ESs
Intermediate System (IS)Intermediate System (IS)– Computer system which relays and routes NPDUs to other ISs Computer system which relays and routes NPDUs to other ISs
or ESsor ESs– Implements up to Network Layer (Layer 3)Implements up to Network Layer (Layer 3)– Implements CMIP and routing protocolsImplements CMIP and routing protocols
ATN Functional ComponentsATN Functional Components
ESES
ES
ES
ES
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
Administrative and Routing Administrative and Routing DomainsDomains
Administrative DomainAdministrative Domain– A set of ESs, ISs, and subnetworks operated by a single A set of ESs, ISs, and subnetworks operated by a single
organization or administrative authorityorganization or administrative authority Routing DomainRouting Domain
– A set of ESs and ISs bound by a common routing procedureA set of ESs and ISs bound by a common routing procedure An Administrative Domain may contain one or An Administrative Domain may contain one or
more Routing Domainsmore Routing Domains A Routing Domain is always wholly contained A Routing Domain is always wholly contained
within one Administrative Domainwithin one Administrative Domain There are smaller and larger area definitions to There are smaller and larger area definitions to
facilitate operation of a worldwide ATNfacilitate operation of a worldwide ATN
Example Administrative DomainExample Administrative Domain
BIS BIS
Administrative Domain
Routing DomainRouting Domain
Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
ISO 9542 ES-IS Host/Router ProtocolISO 9542 ES-IS Host/Router Protocol (Optional)(Optional) Exchanges connectivity information within a local subnetwork Exchanges connectivity information within a local subnetwork
environmentenvironment
ISO/IEC 10589 IS-IS Intra-Domain Protocol (Optional)ISO/IEC 10589 IS-IS Intra-Domain Protocol (Optional) Exchanges connectivity and topology information among ATN Exchanges connectivity and topology information among ATN
routers (ISs) within a Routing Domainrouters (ISs) within a Routing Domain Supports dynamic configuration of ATN routing tables on a domain-Supports dynamic configuration of ATN routing tables on a domain-
wide basiswide basis
ISO/IEC 10747 IDRP Inter-Domain Routing ProtocolISO/IEC 10747 IDRP Inter-Domain Routing Protocol Exchanges routing information across routing domain boundariesExchanges routing information across routing domain boundaries This is the ATN key element in maintaining communication with This is the ATN key element in maintaining communication with
aircraftaircraft
Protocols in ContextProtocols in Context
ES-IS(ISO 9542)
COTP Class 4 (ISO 8073)CLNP (ISO 8473)
IS-IS(ISO 10589)
IDRP(ISO/IEC 10747)
ES
IS BIS
IS
IS
IS
IS
RGS RGSRGS
RGS
Mobile Routing - RGS LevelMobile Routing - RGS Level
Routing Domain
Mobile Routing - RD LevelMobile Routing - RD Level
RD 1RD 3RD 2
RD 4
Air/Ground SubnetworksAir/Ground Subnetworks
VHF Digital Link (VDL)VHF Digital Link (VDL)
SatelliteSatellite
Mode SMode S
HF Data LinkHF Data Link
VHF Digital Link (VDL)VHF Digital Link (VDL)General CharacteristicGeneral Characteristic
Very High Frequency radio (118-137 MHz)Very High Frequency radio (118-137 MHz) SARPs complete/validated for Modes 2-3SARPs complete/validated for Modes 2-3 Line-of-sight from remote ground station (RGS), Line-of-sight from remote ground station (RGS),
coverage up to 200 NM depending on terrain, coverage up to 200 NM depending on terrain, aircraft altitude, other factorsaircraft altitude, other factors
Three operational Modes of VDLThree operational Modes of VDL– Mode 2 - Data onlyMode 2 - Data only– Mode 3 - Data and voiceMode 3 - Data and voice– Mode 4 - Data onlyMode 4 - Data only
VHF UsageVHF Usage
25kHz 25kHz
8.33 8.33
Ana
log
Voi
ceA
nalo
g V
oice
Ana
log
Voi
ceAnalog Voice
Data OnlySimultaneous Voice & Data
25kHz 25kHz
MODE 2 MODE 3
8.33
DSB AMDSB AM D8PSK D8PSK
DSB AM
DSB AM
Voice Channels
Data Only
25kHz
MODE 4
GFSK
TDMACSMA STDMA
VDL Technical CharacteristicsVDL Technical Characteristics
Modulation: Modulation: – Modes 2,3 Differential 8-Phase Shift Keying (D8PSK), 31.5 Modes 2,3 Differential 8-Phase Shift Keying (D8PSK), 31.5
KBPSKBPS– Mode 4 Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK), 19.2 Mode 4 Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK), 19.2
KBPSKBPS
Medium Access:Medium Access:– Mode 2 - Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)Mode 2 - Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)– Mode 3 - Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), maximum Mode 3 - Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), maximum
of 4 channels per frequencyof 4 channels per frequency– Mode 4 - Self-organizing TDMA (STDMA)Mode 4 - Self-organizing TDMA (STDMA)
Satellite Data LinkSatellite Data Link
Uses Inmarsat geosynchronous satellites which Uses Inmarsat geosynchronous satellites which provide both telephone and data services, provide both telephone and data services, operating in L-Band (1550-1630.5 MHz)operating in L-Band (1550-1630.5 MHz)
SARPs approvedSARPs approved Worldwide coverage with 4 satellites, except polar Worldwide coverage with 4 satellites, except polar
areasareas Four channel types:Four channel types:
– P-Channel - ground-to-air signaling and user dataP-Channel - ground-to-air signaling and user data– R-Channel - air-to-ground requests or dataR-Channel - air-to-ground requests or data– C-Channel - both directions, voice or dataC-Channel - both directions, voice or data– T-Channel - air-to-ground user dataT-Channel - air-to-ground user data
Satellite Data LinkSatellite Data LinkTechnical CharacteristicsTechnical Characteristics
Modulation: Modulation: – Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), 1200 or 2400 BPS Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), 1200 or 2400 BPS – Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 4.8 or 10.5 KBPSQuadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 4.8 or 10.5 KBPS
Medium Access:Medium Access:– P-Channel - TDMAP-Channel - TDMA– R-Channel - slotted AlohaR-Channel - slotted Aloha– C-Channel - Single Channel per Carrier (SCPC)C-Channel - Single Channel per Carrier (SCPC)– T-Channel - TDMAT-Channel - TDMA
Satellite Data Link ConventionsSatellite Data Link Conventions
Uplink
Downlink
ReturnLink
ForwardLink
OutboundLink
InboundLink
Mode S Data LinkMode S Data Link
Uses Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) Uses Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) transponder to transmit data (1090 MHz) and receive transponder to transmit data (1090 MHz) and receive data (1030 MHz)data (1030 MHz)
ICAO SARPs approvedICAO SARPs approved Coverage with data linked SSRs or stationary Coverage with data linked SSRs or stationary
antennasantennas Shares transponder with Traffic Alert and Collision Shares transponder with Traffic Alert and Collision
Avoidance System (TCAS)/Airborne Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)/Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) and SSR functionsAvoidance System (ACAS) and SSR functions
Mode S Data LinkMode S Data LinkTechnical CharacteristicsTechnical Characteristics
Modulation: Modulation: – Pulse modulation, identifies Mode S from ATCRBSPulse modulation, identifies Mode S from ATCRBS– DPSK, 4 MBPS for Mode S interrogationDPSK, 4 MBPS for Mode S interrogation– Pulse Position Modulation (PPM), 1 MBPS for replyPulse Position Modulation (PPM), 1 MBPS for reply
Medium Access:Medium Access:– Random access, pulse modulation identifies Mode Random access, pulse modulation identifies Mode – Mode S timed to occur within ATCRBS suppression Mode S timed to occur within ATCRBS suppression – Mode S reply by PPM allows reply to get through in face of a single Mode S reply by PPM allows reply to get through in face of a single
ATCRBS interferencing signalATCRBS interferencing signal
Other characteristics:Other characteristics:– Data transferred in 56 or 112 bits of informationData transferred in 56 or 112 bits of information– 24-bit parity error check24-bit parity error check
Mode S Data LinkMode S Data LinkConventionsConventions
Interrogation
Reply
P1 P2 Data
Preamble Data
ATC Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS)
HF Data LinkHF Data Link
Long-range coverage (3000 km) in aeronautical Long-range coverage (3000 km) in aeronautical high frequency (HF) band (3-22 MHz)high frequency (HF) band (3-22 MHz)
ICAO SARPs completeICAO SARPs complete Multiple data rates (300, 600, 1200, 1800 BPS)Multiple data rates (300, 600, 1200, 1800 BPS) Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) to Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) to
maximize coverage; TDMA to organize data maximize coverage; TDMA to organize data transmissiontransmission
HF Data LinkHF Data LinkTechnical CharacteristicsTechnical Characteristics
Modulation: M-ary PSK (2PSK, 4PSK, 8PSK)Modulation: M-ary PSK (2PSK, 4PSK, 8PSK) Data Rates: 300, 600, 1200, 1800 BPSData Rates: 300, 600, 1200, 1800 BPS Medium Access: TDMA, 32 second frame, 13 Medium Access: TDMA, 32 second frame, 13
slots/frame, 1 MPDU/slotslots/frame, 1 MPDU/slot Other characteristics:Other characteristics:
– Aircraft login to ground stationAircraft login to ground station– Ground station squitters transmittedGround station squitters transmitted– GPS synchronized ground stationsGPS synchronized ground stations– Frequencies coordinated between ground stationsFrequencies coordinated between ground stations
HF Data Link Frame StructureHF Data Link Frame Structure
HFDL Frame (32 sec, 2700/day)
Slot (13/frame)
MPDU (1/slot)
Prekey Preamble Data
Message Protocol Data Unit (MPDU)
HF Data LinkHF Data Link
Service for ATC and AOC applicationsService for ATC and AOC applications 12-16 sites sharing 60 frequencies will eventually 12-16 sites sharing 60 frequencies will eventually
provide worldwide coverageprovide worldwide coverage Data link coverage in polar regionsData link coverage in polar regions Multiple frequencies per site, multiple sites per Multiple frequencies per site, multiple sites per
aircraftaircraft
SummarySummary
ATN SARPs include the following air/ground ATN SARPs include the following air/ground subnetworks:subnetworks:– VHF digital link (VDL)VHF digital link (VDL)– satellite link (satcom)satellite link (satcom)– Mode S data linkMode S data link– HF data link (HFDL)HF data link (HFDL)
VDL Mode 2 will be the first operational ATC linkVDL Mode 2 will be the first operational ATC link
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